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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 37 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 37 Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve net

A

composed of neurons in contact with one another and with contractile cells of the body wall in cnidarians

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2
Q

Cephalization

A

concentration of nervous tissue in the anterior or head region

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3
Q

Ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies

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4
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain, spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

nerves, ganglia that lie outside the CNS

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6
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells; functional units of the nervous system

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

supporting cells, providing support and nourishment to the neurons

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8
Q

Cell body

A

contains a nucleus and a variety of organelles

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

short, highly branched processes that receive signals from the sensory receptors or other neurons and transmit them to the cell body

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10
Q

Axon

A

portion of the neuron that conveys info to another neuron or to other cells; can be bundled to form nerves

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11
Q

Nerve fibers

A

axons are often called this; many are covered by a myelin sheath

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12
Q

Myelin sheath

A

white insulating layer covering axons

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13
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic cells that help remove bacteria and debris

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14
Q

Astrocytes

A

provide metabolic and structural support directly to the neurons

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

cells that surround a fiber of a peripheral nerve and forms the myelin sheath

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

in the CNS, these neuroglial cells form the myelin sheath

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18
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

take nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands

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19
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

take nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

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20
Q

Interneurons

A

occur entirely within the CNS; typically multipolar; convey nerve impulses between various parts of the CNS

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21
Q

Resting potential

A

membrane potential of an inactive neuron

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22
Q

Action potential

A

rapid change in polarity across a portion of an axonal membrane as the nerve impulse occurs

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23
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

action potential “jumps” from node to node (saltar in Spanish = to jump)

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24
Q

Refractory period

A

time following an action potential when a neuron is unable to conduct another nerve impulse

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25
Q

Synapse

A

junction between neurons consisting of the presynaptic (axon) membrane, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic (usually dendrite) membrane

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26
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

the small gap between neurons

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27
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

transmission across a synapse is carried out by molecules called this, which are stored in synaptic vesicles

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28
Q

Axon hillock

A

area of the neuron cell body where the axon emerges

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29
Q

Integration

A

summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals

30
Q

Meninges

A

both the spinal cord and the brain are wrapped in 3 protective membranes known as this

31
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

the spaces between the meninges are filled with this, which cushions and protects the CNS

32
Q

Ventricles

A

interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as reservoirs for cerebrospinal fluid

33
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges; serious disorder caused by a number of bacteria or viruses that can invade the meninges

34
Q

Spinal cord

A

bundle of nervous tissue enclosed in the vertebral column; extends from the base of the brain to the vertebrae just below the rib cage

35
Q

Reflex actions

A

automatic responses to external stimuli

36
Q

Gray matter

A

consists of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

37
Q

Tracts

A

bundle of myelinated axons in the CNS

38
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons in the CNS

39
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

AKA Lou Gehrig’s Disease; motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord degenerate and die, leaving patients weakened, then paralyzed, then unable to breathe properly

40
Q

Brain

A

allows us to perceive our environment, reason, and remember

41
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest, outermost portion of the brain in humans

42
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebrum is divided into 2 halves, called this

43
Q

Sulci (sing, = sulcus)

A

shallow grooves that divide the brain into lobes

44
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

thin, but highly convoluted, outer layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres

45
Q

Stroke

A

when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted; 3rd leading cause of death in the US; most common type is ischemic (sudden loss of blood supply to an area of the brain, usually due to arterial blockage or clot formation)

46
Q

Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

integrate motor commands, ensuring that proper muscle groups are activated or inhibited

47
Q

Parkinson Disease (PD)

A

brain disorder characterized by tremors, speech difficulties, and difficulty standing and walking; results from a loss of cells in the basal nuclei that normally produce the neurotransmitter dopamine

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

floor of the 3rd ventricle; integrating center that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance; controls the pituitary gland; link between nervous and endocrine systems

49
Q

Thalamus

A

consists of 2 masses of gray matter located in the sides and roof of the 3rd ventricle; receives all sensory input except smell; “gatekeeper” for sensory info en route to the cerebral cortex; participates in higher mental functions such as memory and emotions

50
Q

Pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin; located in the diencephalon

51
Q

Cerebellum

A

lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum and is separated from the brain stem by the 4th ventricle; largest part of the hindbrain

52
Q

Brain stem

A

contains the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

53
Q

Midbrain

A

relay station for tracts passing between the cerebrum and the spinal cord or cerebellum

54
Q

Pons

A

contains bundles of axons that form a bridge traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS; works with the medulla oblongata to regulate many basic body functions

55
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

lies just superior to the spinal cord; contains tracts that ascend or descend between the spinal cord and higher brain centers; regulates heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, and blood pressure; contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing

56
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

most common neurological disease of young adults; typically affects myelinated nerves in the cerebellum, brain stem, basal ganglia, and optic nerve; autoimmune disease in which the patient’s own white blood cells attack the myelin, oligodendrocytes, and eventually neurons in the CNS

57
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

contains the reticular formation, a complex network of nuclei and nerve fibers that extend the length of the brain stem

58
Q

Limbic system

A

complex network of tracts and nuclei that incorporate medial portions of the cerebral lobes, the basal nuclei, and the diencephalon; blends higher mental functions and primitive emotions into a united whole

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

seahorse-shaped structure that lies deep in the temporal lobe; well situated in the brain to make the prefrontal area aware of past experiences stored in sensory association areas

60
Q

Amygdala

A

can cause experiences to have emotional overtones

61
Q

Memory

A

ability to hold a thought in mind or recall events from the past

62
Q

Alzheimer Disease (AD)

A

most common cause of dementia, or a loss of reasoning, memory, and other higher brain functions, especially in people over 65

63
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of axons

64
Q

Cranial nerves

A

humans have 12 pairs of these attached to the brain; some are sensory, some are motor, others are mixed sensory/motor; largely concerned with the head, neck, and facial regions of the body

65
Q

Spinal nerves

A

humans have 31 pairs of these that emerge from the spinal cord via 2 short branches/roots

66
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

cell body of a sensory neuron

67
Q

Somatic system

A

part of the PNS that serves the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles; includes nerves that take sensory info from external sensory receptors in the skin and joints to the CNS and carry motor commands away from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

68
Q

Sensory receptors

A

generate nerve impulses that move along sensory axons through a dorsal root ganglion toward the spinal cord

69
Q

Effector

A

nerve impulses travel along motor axons to this, which brings about a response to the stimulus; can be a gland

70
Q

Autonomic system

A

part of the PNS that regulates the activity of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands; carries out its duties without our awareness or intent; divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

71
Q

Sympathetic division

A

division of the autonomic system that is active when an organism is under stress; uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

72
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

includes a few cranial nerves (e.g. the vagus nerve) and also fibers that arise from the sacral (bottom) portion of the spinal cord; often referred to as the craniosacral portion of the autonomic system; sometimes called the “housekeeper” or “rest and digest division”; uses acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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