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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 12 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 12 Flashcards

0
Q

Pyrimidine

A

thymine & cytosine (single ring)

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1
Q

Purine-based nucleotides

A

adenine & guanine (double ring)

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2
Q

Double helix

A

double spiral; describes the 3D shape of DNA

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3
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

a purine (large, 2-ring base) is always bonded to a pyrimidine (smaller, one-ring base)

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4
Q

DNA Replication

A

process of copying a DNA molecule

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5
Q

Template

A

most often a mold used to produce a shape complementary to itself

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6
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

each daughter DNA double helix contains an old strand from the parental DNA double helix and a new strand

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7
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

during replication, an enzyme that joins the nucleotides complementary to a DNA template

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8
Q

telomeres

A

special nucleotide sequence that does not code for proteins; use a repeat sequence such as TTAGGG

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9
Q

Replication fork

A

in eukaryotic DNA replication, the location where the 2 parental DNA strands separate

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10
Q

Uracil

A

in RNA, this base replaces the thymine found in DNA

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11
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

takes a message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

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13
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

along with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, where polypeptides are synthesized

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14
Q

Transcription

A

process by which an RNA molecule is produced based on a DNA template; DNA is copied, base by base, into mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA

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15
Q

Translation

A

mRNA transcript is read by a ribosome and converted into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

16
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

A

Flow of info from DNA to RNA to protein to trait

17
Q

Genetic Code

A

universal code that has existed for eons and allows for conversion of DNA and RNA’s chemical code to a sequence of amino acids in a protein; each codon consists of three bases that stand for one of the 20 amino acids found in proteins or directs the termination of translation

18
Q

Triplet code

A

each coding unit (codon) would need to be made up of 3 nucleotides

19
Q

Codon

A

3-base sequence in messenger RNA that during translation directs the addition of a particular amino acid into a protein or directs termination of the process

20
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

joins nucleotide strands together in the 5’ to 3’ direction

21
Q

Promoter

A

defines the start of transcription, the direction of transcription, & the strand to be transcribed

22
Q

mRNA transcript

A

mRNA molecule formed during transcription that has a sequence of bases complementary to a gene

23
Q

Exons

A

protein-coding regions

24
Q

introns

A

non-protein coding regions

25
Q

Ribozyme

A

enzyme made of RNA rather than just protein used to cut and remove introns

26
Q

Anticodon

A

group of 3 bases that is complementary and antiparallel to a specific mRNA codon

27
Q

Wobble Hypothesis

A

1966, Francis Crick: 1st 2 positions in a tRNA anticodon pair obey he A-U/G-C configuration rule; 3rd position can be variable; helps ensure that despite changes in DNA base sequences, the resulting sequence of amino acids will produce a correct protein (1 of reasons genetic code is said to be degenerate)

28
Q

Polyribosome

A

entire complex of mRNA and multiple ribosomes is called this; greatly increases the efficiency of translation

29
Q

Initiation

A

step that brings all the translation components together

30
Q

Elongation

A

stage during protein synthesis when a polypeptide increases in length one amino acid at a time

31
Q

Translocation

A

ribosome moves forward, peptide-bearing tRNA is now in the P site of the ribosome

32
Q

Termination

A

final step in protein synthesis

33
Q

Proteomics

A

field of biology dedicated to understanding the structure of proteins and how they function in metabolic pathways

34
Q

Histones

A

group of proteins involve in forming the nucleosome strucure of eukaryotic chromatin

35
Q

Nucleosome

A

in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a unit composed of DNA wound around a core of 8 histone proteins, giving the appearance of a string of beads

36
Q

Euchromatin

A

active chromatin containing genes that are being transcribed

37
Q

Heterochromatin

A

highly compacted chromatin that is not accessible for transcription

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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