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Pre-Pharm > Bio Ch 32 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 32 Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory system

A

moves fluid between various parts of the body

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2
Q

Blood

A

1 type of circulatory fluid, which is always contained within blood vessels

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3
Q

Hemolymph

A

type of circulatory fluid, a mixture of blood and tissue fluid, which fills the body cavity and surround the inner organs

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4
Q

Open circulatory system

A

hemolymph is seen in animals with this, which consists of blood vessels plus open spaces

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5
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

blood is seen in animals with this, in which blood does not leave the vessels

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6
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

all vertebrate animals have a closed one of these consisting of a strong, muscular heart in which the atria (sing., atrium) receive blood and the muscular ventricles pump blood through the blood vessels

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7
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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8
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange materials with tissue fluid

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9
Q

Veins

A

return blood to the heart

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10
Q

Arterioles

A

small arteries whose diameter can be regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems; constriction and dilation of these affect blood pressure; greater the number of these dilated

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11
Q

Venules

A

along with veins, collect blood from the capillary beds and take it to the heart; drain blood from capillaries

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12
Q

Systemic circuit

A

heart pumps blood to the tissues through this

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13
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

heart pumps blood to the lungs through this

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14
Q

Heart

A

cone-shaped, muscular organ about the size of a fist; located between the lungs directly behind the sternum (breastbone) and is tilted so the apex (pointed end) is oriented to the left

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15
Q

Septum

A

this wall separates the heart into a right side and a left side

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16
Q

Atrium (pl., atria)

A

two, upper, thin-walled chambers with wrinkled, protruding appendages called auricles

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17
Q

Ventricles

A

two lower thick-walled chambers, which pump blood away from the heart

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18
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

two valves that lie between the atria and the ventricles that are supported by strong fibrous strings called chordae tendineae

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19
Q

Semilunar valves

A

valves between the ventricles and their attached vessels whose flaps resemble half-moons; pulmonary and aortic types

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20
Q

Systole

A

refers to the contraction of the heart chambers

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21
Q

Diastole

A

refers to relaxation of these chambers

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22
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

one complete cycle of systole and diastole for all heart chambers

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23
Q

Cardiac output

A

the volume of blood that the left ventricle pumps per minute into the systemic circuit is called this

24
Q

Pulse

A

wave effect that passes down the walls of the arterial blood vessels when the aorta expands and then recoils following ventricular systole

25
Q

Pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node is called this because it usually keeps the heartbeat regular

26
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

27
Q

Aorta

A

major systemic artery that takes blood from the heart to the tissues

28
Q

Venae cavae (sing. vena cava)

A

large systemic vein that returns blood to the right atrium of the heart in tetrapods; either the superior or inferior

29
Q

Portal system

A

structure in which blood from capillaries travels through veins to reach another set of capillaries, without first traveling through the heart

30
Q

Blood pressure

A

can be measured with a sphygmomanometer, which has a pressure cuff that determines the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of blood through an artery

31
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure; often caused by narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis

32
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, particularly cholesterol, beneath the inner linings of arteries (plaque)

33
Q

Stroke

A

disruption of blood supply to the brain; often results when a small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus

34
Q

Angina pectoris

A

if a coronary artery becomes partially blocked, the individual may suffer from this condition, characterized as a squeezing sensation or a flash of burning

35
Q

Heart attack

A

myocardial infarction; if a coronary artery is completely blocked, perhaps by a thromboembolism, a portion of the heart muscle dies due to a lack of oxygen

36
Q

Plasma

A

contains many types of molecules, including nutrients, wastes, salts, and hundreds of different types of proteins

37
Q

Antibodies

A

significant group of plasma proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific pathogens and other foreign materials

38
Q

Formed elements

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)

39
Q

Red blood cells

A

small, biconcave disks that at maturity lack a nucleus and contain the respiratory pigment hemoglobin; average adult human has 5-6 million of these per cubic mm; each one of these has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

40
Q

Hemoglobin

A

contains 4 globin protein chains, each associated with heme, an iron-containing group

41
Q

Antigen

A

molecule (usually a protein or carbohydrate) that can trigger a specific immune response

42
Q

Agglutination

A

clumping of red blood cells; can cause blood to stop circulating in small blood vessels, leading to organ damage

43
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A

large, lack a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, appear translucent; 5000 - 11,000 of these per cubic mm in humans

44
Q

Granular leukoctyes

A

cytoplasm of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils contain spherical vesicles (granules) filled with enzymes and proteins that these cells used to help defend the body against invading microbes and other parasites

45
Q

Neutrophils

A

have a multilobed nucleus; AKA polymorphonuclear cells; most abundant of WBCs; able to squeeze through capillary walls and enter the tissues, where they phagocytize and digest bacteria; pus = dead ones

46
Q

Basophil

A

granules that stain a deep blue; contain inflammatory chemicals such as histamine

47
Q

Eosinophils

A

stain deed red; involved in fighting parasitic worms among other actions

48
Q

Agraunular leukocytes

A

AKA mononuclear cells; lack obvious granules, include the monocytes and the lymphocytes

49
Q

Monocytes

A

largest of the WBCs; tend to migrate into tissues in response to chronic, ongoing infections, where they differentiate into large phagocytic macrophages

50
Q

Macrophages

A

long-lived cells that fight infections directly and release growth factors that increase the production of different types of WBCs by the bone marrow

51
Q

Lymphocytes

A

second most common type of WBC in the blood; T cells and B cells - each play a distinct role in adaptive immune response to specific antigens

52
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

result from fragmentation of large cells, called megakaryocytes, in the red bone marrow; produced at a rate of 200 billion/day; blood contains 150,000 - 300,000 per cubic mm; involved in blood clotting

53
Q

Clotting

A

Coagulation

54
Q

Tissue fluid

A

substances that leave a capillary contribute to this fluid between the body’s cells; tends to contain all components of plasma but has much lower amounts of protein

55
Q

Lymph

A

tissue fluid contained within lymphatic vessels; is returned to the systemic venous blood when the major lymphatic vessels enter the subclavian veins in the shoulder region

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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