CONDITIONS THAT IMPACT PK/PD HIGH YIELD A

Question 1

drug response depends on?

Answer 1

host factors
environmental factors
genetics factors

Question 2

variation in drug responsiveness examples?

Answer 2

hyporeactivity 
hyperreactivity
idiosyncratic
tolerance
dependence
tachyphylaxis

Question 3

hyperreactivity shouldn’t be confused with…?

Answer 3

hypersensitivity

Question 4

what are the different types of genetic variants?

Answer 4

single nucleotide polymorphism

indels

gene amplification

Question 5

what are the two types of SNPs?

Answer 5

synonymous (no change of function (phenotype) results)

non synonymous (change in function may result)

Question 6

what are the terms used to describe individuals with varying rates of metabolism?

Answer 6

poor metabolizer
intermediate metabolizer
extensive metabolizer
ultra-rapid metabolizer

Question 7

name this type of metabolism?

two-nonfunctional alleles

Answer 7

poor metabolizer

Question 8

name this type of metabolism?

one function, one non-functional allele

Answer 8

intermediate metabolizer

Question 9

name this type of metabolism?

two functional alleles

Answer 9

extensive metabolizer

Question 10

name this type of metabolism?

more than one increased functional allele

Answer 10

ultra-rapid metabolizer

Question 11

what are the genetic variants affecting pharmacokinetics?

Answer 11

CYP2D6
CYP2C19
CYP2C9
UGT1A1
ABCB1

Question 12

what are the exceptions of absorption in relating the PK in the elderly?

what is significant about calcium carbonate?

Answer 12

calcium carbonate vs citrate

cyanocobalamin

it reacts with hydrochloric acid to form soluble calcium chloride, which is absorbed in the proximal small bowel

Question 13

benzodiazepines are metabolized by what phase?

Answer 13

phase 1

Question 14

what are the considerations of PK in the elderly?

Answer 14

absorption
distribution
metabolism
elimination

Question 15

what medications are sensitive in terms of PD in the elderly?

Answer 15

benzodiazepines
anticholinergics
opioids
beta blockers

Question 16

what are the important attributes that affect placental transfer?

Answer 16

lipophilicity 
ionization
molecular weight
pH
protein binding
metabolism

Question 17

what period is the greatest for being at risk for anatomical malformations when being exposed to teratogenesis?

Answer 17

organogenesis

Question 18

what are the medications put in category X that can have an effect on drugs and pregnancy?

Answer 18

methotrexate
statins
phenytoin
warfarin

Question 19

factors affecting teratogenicity?

Answer 19

ability of the drug to pass into fetal circulation like thiopental

intensity of exposure

duration of exposure

distribution in the fetal tissue

Question 20

what information is provided in the new FDA pregnancy and lactation label?

Answer 20

fetal risk summary

clinical consideration

Question 21

PK changes in infants/children considerations?

Answer 21

absorption at site of administration

GI function

distribution

metabolism

elimination

Question 22

so we know that the Cockcroft Gault equation is used to estimate creatinine clearance…what makes this less accurate?

Answer 22

reduced muscle mass
severely ill
elderly
weight extremes
unstable renal function

Question 23

the kidneys can also be responsible for the activation of this vitamin?

Answer 23

vitamin D activation

Question 24

what is the purpose of hemodialysis?

Answer 24

determinant of drug removal

Question 25

what is the equation used for the creatinine clearance in children?

Answer 25

Schwartz equation

Question 26

what are the common causes of liver disease?

Answer 26

hepatitis B and C
alcohol
autoimmune

Question 27

liver disease and effects on drugs?

Answer 27

drug accumulation
failure to form active/inactive metabolites
increased bioavailability
alterations in drug protein binding

Question 28

the score obtained for drug dosing in cirrhosis

Answer 28

child Pugh score

Question 29

what are the types of interaction of therapeutic action?

Answer 29

additive interaction
potentiation
synergistic antagonism