PHARMACOKINETICS AND DRUG ADM HIGH YIELD PART B Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

study of time course of drug ADME

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2
Q

what are the variables of pharmacokinetics?

A

age
organ function
health

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3
Q

what are some of the considerations of pharmacokinetics?

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
elimination

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4
Q

bioavailability can be measured via what routes?

A

any route

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5
Q

how do drugs move across membrane barriers?

A

passive diffusion

pH

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6
Q

what law defines how most drugs move across the membrane via passive diffusion?

A

ficks law of diffusion

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7
Q

rate of diffusion is increased when?

A

area is large
membrane is thin
concentration gradient is high

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8
Q

in relation to the Henderson hasselback equation, when in the plasma, when the pH is greater than the pka, what dominates?

A

the unprotonated form dominates

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9
Q

in relation to the Henderson hasselback equation, when in the gastric environment, where the pH is less than the pka, what form dominates?

A

the protonated form dominates

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10
Q

how are drugs transported across the membrane barrier?

A

active transport

paracellular transport

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11
Q

factors that affect absorption?

A

concentration
physical state of formulation and dissolution rate
area of absorbing surface

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12
Q

what is the main affect on oral absorption?

A

gastric emptying

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13
Q

what delays gastric emptying?

A

increase fats and carbs

high calories, large volume

high intensity exercise

cold beverage

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14
Q

what accelerates gastric emptying?

A

moderate exercise

recumbent position

warm/hot beverage

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15
Q

examples of drugs that affect oral absorption? how?

A

penicillin (increases drug degradation since PCN is sensitive to stomach acid)
aspirin (more time in the stomach may cause gastric irritation)

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16
Q

what are the factors that affect absorption?

A
vascularity and blood flow
inflammation
edematous
vasoconstrictors
lipid solubility
BBB, placenta, fat, skin
17
Q

determinants of distribution?

A

organ perfusion/blood flow
size of the organ
solubility
binding

18
Q

what is the equation for volume of distribution?

Vd is?

A

Vd=amount of drug/C

apparent volume of distribution

19
Q

the two compartment model considers the movement of drugs between what two compartments?

A

central and peripheral compartment

20
Q

the two compartment model consists of what two phases?

A

distribution phase

elimination phase

21
Q

what are the factors that affect distribution?

A

plasma proteins
plasma proteins as carriers
protein binding and drug action

22
Q

the fraction of bound drug is determined by?

A

drug concentration
affinity of binding sites
number of binding sites

23
Q

what are the conditions and diseases that affect protein binding?

A

hypoalbuminemia

acute phase reactions response increases alpha-1-acid glycoprotein like cancer, MI, crohns disease

24
Q

what are the sites of distribution?

A

tissue binding
bone
fat