Lesson 13 (Part 2)

Question 1

What is the formula to find the volume of the bladder?

Answer 1

L x H x W x 0.523 = cc

Question 2

What plane do you measure the length of the bladder?

Answer 2

In sagittal

- diagonally

Question 3

How do you measure the bladder in transverse? (2)

Answer 3

1. Anterior to posterior
   - height
2. Right to left
   - width

Question 4

Voiding

Answer 4

Peeing

Question 5

What should the bladder wall be when its normal?

Answer 5

Thin

- not routinely measured

Question 6

What might you see with colour doppler on the bladder?

Answer 6

Ureters jetting at the UVJ

Question 7

What does colour doppler aid in with the bladder?

Answer 7

Identifying obstructions

Question 8

Where is the reverberation artifact in the bladder?

Answer 8

Mostly in the near field

- anterior portion of the bladder

Question 9

How do you fix some of the reverberation artifact of the bladder?

Answer 9

Adjust the gain

- but not too dark

Question 10

What are 3 pitfalls of the bladder?

Answer 10

1. Obese patients
2. Surgical scars
3. Abdominal dressing

Question 11

What can surgical scars produce?

Answer 11

Artifacts

Question 12

What does the 7th week urorectal septum fuses with?

Answer 12

Cloacal membrane

Question 13

What does the urorectal septum do?

Answer 13

It divides urogenital sinus and dorsal rectum

Question 14

What is the bladder continuous with?

Answer 14

Allantois

Question 15

What does the allantois become?

Answer 15

Urachus

- fibrous cord

Question 16

What is another name for urachus?

Answer 16

Median umbilical ligament

Question 17

What 2 things happen as the bladder grows?

Answer 17

1. Distal mesonephric ducts becomes part of the connective tissue into the bladder trigone
2. Ureters open into the bladder

Question 18

What are 3 anomalies related to renal growth?

Answer 18

1. Hypoplasia
2. Fetal lobulation
3. Compensatory hypertrophy

Question 19

Hypoplasia

Answer 19

Under formation

• under development
• incomplete
• decrease in function

Question 20

Hypoplasia kidneys

Answer 20

Small kidneys

- reduced nephrons

Question 21

What is difficult to differentiate in hypoplasia?

Answer 21

Between the sinuses and the cortex

Question 22

Persistent fetal lobulation

Answer 22

Is an uncommon condition that causes the surface of the kidney to appear as several lobules instead of smooth, flat and continuous

Question 23

What is fetal lobulation normally present in?

Answer 23

Children until 4-5 years of age

- if it persists it becomes an anomaly

Question 24

What percentage of fetal lobulation is seen in adults?

Answer 24

51%

Question 25

What is fetal lobulation seen as?

Answer 25

Smooth indentations

Question 26

Compensatory hypertrophy

Answer 26

Increase in cell size or increase in cell division

- enlarged kidney

Question 27

What are 2 types of compensatory hypertrophy?

Answer 27

1. Diffuse

2. Focal

Question 28

What causes compensatory hypertrophy to diffuse? (5)

Answer 28

1. Contralateral nephrectomy
2. Renal agenesis
3. Renal hypoplasia
4. Renal atrophy
5. Renal displasia

Question 29

Focal compensatory hypertrophy

Answer 29

Area of normal tissue enlarged in a diseased kidney

Question 30

What does focal compensatory hypertrophy look like?

Answer 30

A mass

Question 31

Why would one kidney by hypertrophy?

Answer 31

When one kidney is removed or no longer working so the other kidney has to compensate and do more work so it gets larger

Question 32

Renal atrophy

Answer 32

Smaller kidney