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Microbiology And Immunology > Innate Defences > Flashcards

Innate Defences Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 defences in innate

A

Barriers

Cell defences eg neutrophils

Molecular defence

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2
Q

What are the 5 physical barriers to pathogens

A

Skin

Mucus/cilia

Tears with lysozymes

Low ph in vagina

Acidic stomach

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3
Q

Which areas are commensal microbiota good for defences

A

Skin and mucus

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4
Q

How do lysozymes kill pathogens as anti microbial enzymes

A

Attack the peptidoglycan cell walls

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5
Q

Apart from lysozymes what other antimicrobial enzymes are there

A

Phospholipase A2

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6
Q

What are anti microbial peptides

A

Cationic proteins eg on peyers patch or mucosal surfaces which destroy pathogens via pores

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7
Q

Where do lectins have antimicrobial effects

A

Liver

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8
Q

What are the receptors called on macrophages, neutrophils etc in innate immunity

A

Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

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9
Q

What are the 3 major PAttern recognition receptors

A

Toll like receptors TLR

Nod like receptors NLR

Rig 1 like helicases

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10
Q

Which PRR is cell surface

A

Toll like receptors

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11
Q

What kind of receptors do nod like and rig 1 like receptors have

A

Intracellular

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12
Q

What are the things called which the 10 types of toll like receptors recognise and bind

A

Pamps

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13
Q

Give 4 examples of pamps toll like receptors recognise on pathogens

A

Mannose oligosaccharides

Peptidoglycan (cell wall)

Lipopolysaccharides (on gram -ve)

CPG dna

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14
Q

What do leucocytes include

A

Lymphocytes Ie b,t, NK

Mast cells

Granulocytes/myeloblast ie neutro,baso,eosino

Monocytes ie macrophages in tissue

Dendritic cells

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15
Q

Which leucocytes are both innate and adaptive

A

Dendritic cells

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of leucocytes which are APC

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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17
Q

Which leucocytes kill antibody coated pathogens

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

Are neutrophils involved in phagocytosis as well as macrophages

A

Yes

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19
Q

Which leucocytes have granules such as histamine

A

Mast cells

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20
Q

What are the 3 cell defences in innate response

A

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Extra cellular killing

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21
Q

Which leucocytes involved in pahagocytosis are multi lobed nuclei and short lived

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages

A

Monocytes when in blood

Macrophages when in tissue

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23
Q

Explain the steps of phagocytosis

A

Macrophage/ neutrophils detect via toll receptors usually eg LPS or mannose

Bind to bacteria and release cytokines

Macrophages engulf the bacteria (endocytosis)

Forms a vacuole called phagosome

Fuses with lysosomes and lysozymes digest the bacteria in the phagolysosome

24
Q

Why are lysozymes acidification important

A

Bacteria static or bacteriocidal effects

25
Q

What are the other things which are bacteriocidal other than the hydrolase lysozymes

A

Antimicrobial peptides

Toxic NO

Toxic Oxygen products

Lactoferrins

26
Q

What are lactoferrins and how do they stop bacteria

A

Fe competitors which bacteria need

27
Q

How are toxic oxygen intermediates produced which are bacteriocidal/ static

A

Via NADPH oxidase

28
Q

Other than the NADPH oxidase producing toxic oxygen , what other oxygen pathway kills bacteria

A

Halogenation

29
Q

Which fungal prone disease lacks the NADPH oxidase pathway so can’t kill bacteria

A

CGD

30
Q

How are macrophages activated

A

Bacteria products or cytokines

31
Q

What is extracellular killing for

A

When organisms are too large for phagocytosis

32
Q

Which 2 leucocytes are involved in EC killing

A

Eosinophils and NK cells

33
Q

Give an example of an antibody coated pathogen eosinophils kill in EC killing

A

Worms

34
Q

Which chemicals do eosinophils involve give examples

A

Chemokines

Cytokines

35
Q

Which types of things do NK cells attack in EC killing

A

Viruses eg influenza

Tumour cells

36
Q

What do NK cells release which is helpful to control viruses before the adaptive response kicks in

A

Interferon IFN y(gamma)

37
Q

Which proteins do NK cells have for EC killing

A

Perforin

Granzymes

38
Q

What are eosinophils and NK cells activated by for EC killing

A

Cytokines eg interferons , IL, TNF a

39
Q

What are the 5 categories of cytokines which stimulate EC killing and also phagocytosis

A 
Interferons 
Interleukins 
Chemokines 
Lymphokines
TNFa
40
Q

What are lymphokines

A

Cytokines produced by lymphocytes

41
Q

Do cytokines also stimulate inflammation?

A

Yes

42
Q

How do cytokines have effect

A

Binding to receptors

43
Q

How can cytokine response be reduced

A

Control of expression of cytokine receptors

44
Q

Can cytokines trigger their own production

A

Yes

45
Q

Which 3 functions do cytokines have

A

Innate mediators eg EC killing, phagocytosis, inflammatory

Adaptive mediators eg lymphokines

Stimulate haematopoiesis

46
Q

What is the name of the chemokine which attracts T cells and neutrophils and is produced by macrophages

A

IL 8

47
Q

Which 3 cytokines produced by macrophages cause a fever due to stimulation of hypothalamus

A

TNFa

IL 1B

IL 6

48
Q

Why do cytokines act on endothelium

A

Make them leaky eg nose to allow wbc escape to site of infection

49
Q

Which things is inflammation triggered by

A

Macrophage or lymphocyte cytokines

Complement system (IE T cells and B cells)

Mast cells (histamine granules)

50
Q

What 3 things happens in inflammation to allow cells to get from blood into tissues through endothelium

A

Increase in vasodilation for blood flow

Endothelial permeability eg via histamines or cytokines

Increase in adhesion molecules for cells

51
Q

What causes pain (dolor) in inflammation

A

Cells such as neutrophils which flood to the tissues forming swelling (tumour/Edema)

52
Q

What happens for cytokines to be released to allow inflammation eg release of TNF a

A

Macrophage phagocytosis

53
Q

Which types of things are attracted into tissues after dilation and endothelial permeability

A

Platelets (for wound healing)

More phagocytes eg neutrophils

Lymphocytes to start the adaptive response

54
Q

Which bacteria need to be phagocytosed to cause an endotoxic shock (inflammation)

A

Gram -ce, the release of their lipopolysaccharide endo toxins

55
Q

What does cytokine storm cause (inflammation which is systemic)

A

Circulatory shock (lack of blood flow eg due to dilation)

Clot formation (too many platelets)

Edema (swelling due to increased fluid/ cells in the tissues)

56
Q

What is it called when too many clots form in inflammation

A

DIC

57
Q

What is systemic inflammation/ cytokine storm called

A

Sepsis / toxic shock

Microbiology And Immunology (33 decks)

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