Viruses For Research

Question 1

If viruses are given as vaccines do they produce an immune response

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What are the 4 types of viral vaccine

Answer 2

Live / attenuated

Killed

Subtype

Gene delivery

Question 3

What viruses are given in live vaccination and give example

Answer 3

Homologs which are less virulent eg vaccinia for small pox

Question 4

Subtypes are giving either proteins from virus eg HA or NA from influenza or recombinant tech proteins, how

Answer 4

Protein can be removed from virus via detergent and purified

Or dna tech allows the gene for the protein to be cloned, amplified and then delivered from a vector eg yeast and purified

Question 5

What kinds of genes can be delivered for vaccination

Answer 5

Spike protein gene which allows us to produce an immune response

Question 6

How are the immune responses different in live/attenuated vs killed or subunit

Answer 6

Live produce both cell mediated response And also antibody production

Subtype or killed only produce antibodies

Question 7

Why don’t killed or subunit ones produce a cell mediated response

Answer 7

They can’t reproduce

Question 8

What is the most common way to attenuate a virus

Answer 8

Let it be cultured on 1 type of cell eg human

Then incubate it on cells of another host

This causes a drift/ mutation

It can no longer detect the previous host cells and can’t grow on them

Question 9

How is a live recombinant vaccine (safe) made

Answer 9

The pathogenic gene from a virus is transferred to a viral vector and then injected rather than using a life virus itself

Question 10

How is the covid vaccine an example of live recombinant vaccination

Answer 10

Adenovirus is used to insert the covid spike protein so that the sars virus doesn’t have to be injected

Still causes immune response

Question 11

Why can viral dna be used for Virotherapy

Answer 11

They are easily manipulated eg to control its expression via promoters

They can easily infect and insert their dna eg via integrase enzymes

Question 12

What is gene therapy

Answer 12

Converting a faulty gene into a new gene via viruses

Question 13

What is ex vivo gene therapy

Answer 13

Cell removed from body and then manipulated with viral dna and then inserted back

Question 14

Why is ex vivo gene therapy bad

Answer 14

Cells can be rejected

Question 15

What is in vivo gene therapy

Answer 15

Replacing gene directly in body via virus / vector

Question 16

What is an issue with in vivo gene therapy

Answer 16

Causes a immune response to the virus

Question 17

What is an example of gene therapy to target cancer cells

Answer 17

CAR T chimeric antigen on T cells which identifies proteins on cancer cells

Question 18

Is expression in gene therapy when using virus as a clone transient or permanent

Answer 18

Can be both depending on expression manipulation

Question 19

Which virus is usually used in gene therapy and why

Answer 19

Adenovirus

Has a long time expression

Question 20

What is oncolytic virotherapy

Answer 20

Where lytic viruses can target and kill cancer cells via using cancer cell proteins

Question 21

Which 3 things happen after tumour lysis via virotherapy

Answer 21

Inflammation

Virus can affect other cells

Produces immune response due to tumour antigen release

Question 22

What are the cons of oncolytic virotherapy

Answer 22

Some cancer cells are resistant to lysis

Virus causes an immune response

Question 23

What is phage therapy

Answer 23

Using viruses to kill bacteria

Question 24

What is major advantages of phage therapy

Answer 24

They kill specific bacteria only and also deal with bacterial resistance

Question 25

What happens if phage therapy lyses gram -ve bacteria

Answer 25

Release of endotoxins (lipid A) which can cause sepsis/ inflammatory response

Question 26

Why does phage therapy allow spread of bacterial resistance

Answer 26

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 27

Which enzymes allow phages to leave bacteria and how

Answer 27

Lysins

They cleave the cell wall of bacteria