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Microbiology And Immunology > Human Microbiota And Microbiome > Flashcards

Human Microbiota And Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 microbial ancestry genes do we contain

A

Bacterial

Eukaryotic microbes

Viral dna

Retroviral dna

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2
Q

Give an example of a gene we got from viruses

A

Rna polymerase

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3
Q

Give an example of a retroviral gene we have

A

ENV genes which are expressed in placenta and cause syncytiotrophoblast fusion = foetus being born depends on it

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4
Q

Which 6 areas do we have mucosal surfaces

A

Nose

Mouth

Lungs

Stomach

Colon

Sex organs

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5
Q

What are symbions

A

Species associated together

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6
Q

What is it called when symbionts need each other (codependent)

A

Mutualism

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7
Q

What is commensalism

A

When 1 symbiont needs the other but other doesn’t need it

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8
Q

What is parasitism

A

When 1 symbiont needs the other and harms the other

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9
Q

What are supraorganisms

A

Human and microbial interactions for eachothers benefit

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10
Q

What are eubiotic and dysbiotic organisms

A

Eubiotic = microbes associated with health (eubiosis)

Dysbiotic = microbes associated with disease (dysbiosis)

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11
Q

Which 2 factors can affect whether microbes become dysbiotic

A

Hosts genome

Or

Environment factors such as diet or disease can affect interaction of microbes

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12
Q

Why is change in eubiotic microbes a form of evolution

A

They adapt to the environment / host gene which is evolution

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13
Q

What 3 ways can bacteria become dysbiotic

A

1- loss of mutualism

2- loss of diversity OR too increased diversity

3- new pathobionts form (mutualistic or commensalistic bacteria which have pathogenic ability)

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14
Q

Name 5 ways intestinal microbiota are important

A

1- detoxification eg of xenobiotics

2- bio synthetic forming vitamins like K

3- immune function

4- metabolic function for energy or immunity

5- protection from pathogens

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15
Q

What immune functions can microbiota have

A

Can induce T cells and increase IgA production

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16
Q

Which gene is usually compared when studying microbiota

A

16s rRNA

17
Q

What is metagenomics

A

Sequencing entire microbial population in an area to detect many genes through PCR amplifying

18
Q

What is community sampling approach in meta genomics

A

Single gene PCR amplifier in the community eg of 16s rRNA

19
Q

What is environment approach in metagenomics

A

Dna cleaved by endonucleases and then sequenced

The dna is assembled and can see total gene pool of the community eg in colon

Can discover new genes

20
Q

What is metatranscriptomics

A

Analysis of rna of viruses when present in a body

21
Q

Which 2 other things is metagenomics paired with

A

Proteomics : studying proteins present

Metabolomics: what metabolites present

22
Q

What is the purpose of metagenomics of communities

A

You can find the genes they contain and then the function of them

23
Q

How are intestinal microbiota important metabolically

A

They contain CAZymes which metabolise carbs into Short fatty acid chains (SFAC)

Sfca are used for energy aswell as immunity

24
Q

What do cazymes in intestinal bacteria target

A

Glycans from plant cell wall which are usually ingestible to us

25
Q

Why can intestinal microbiota fluctuate in different areas of the world for the metabolic function

A

Because other areas eat different carbs so need different enzymes than cazymes

26
Q

When does diversity of microbiota start to increase

A

After birth due to eating solids which need to be degraded by bacteria (cazymes)

27
Q

When can bacteria composition change

A

In diseases like crohns,IBS, IBS

28
Q

Why do things such as SCFA production decrease when bacteria become dysbiotic

A

Because there are less beneficial bacteria which are metabolic

29
Q

When can metabolic composition of microbiota change

A

Change in diet

30
Q

How can antibiotics be causing a change in bacteria and give an example

A

It targets specific / good microbiota (eubiotic) and then this allows new bacteria to thrive

Eg C. difficile infection in the gut which can be toxic (pathobionts)

31
Q

What is FMT and what is it’s function

A

Faecal microbiota transplant

It can be used to fight off infections like C. difficile

32
Q

Which eubiotic bacteria are in the vagina usually which can fight off hiv and inflammation

A

Lactobacillus

Microbiology And Immunology (33 decks)

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