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Human physiology-Degree > Energy and metabolism reading > Flashcards

Energy and metabolism reading Flashcards

1
Q

______ energy refers to the kind of energy that is stored within something, whereas ______ energy is energy associated with movement.

A

Potential; kinetic

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2
Q

The …, energy of a ball is converted to kinetic energy as the ball falls to the floor.

A

potential

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3
Q

The capacity to do work is referred to as ______.

A

energy

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4
Q

True or false: Kinetic energy is stored energy.

A

False

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5
Q

The energy of motion is what type of energy?

A

Kinetic

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6
Q

A form of energy resulting from the position or movement of an object would be ______ energy.

A

mechanical

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7
Q

Potential energy stored in bonds of molecules is _____ energy.

A

chemical

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8
Q

Energy contained in an object due to its position or state is referred to as _____ energy.

A

potential

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9
Q

True or false: When ATP is broken down, the energy that is transferred from this reaction can be used to synthesize molecules, perform work or produce heat.

A

True

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10
Q

When energy flows between objects of two different temperatures, this is called ______ energy.

A

heat

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11
Q

To move matter is the definition of ______.

A

work

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12
Q

In order to get energy (ATP) from food molecules in the final stage of respiration, humans require _____.

A

oxygen

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13
Q

Movements, such as waving your arm, breathing, or pumping blood, all involve _____ energy.

A

mechanical

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14
Q

True or false: Carbon dioxide is formed when organic molecules such as glucose are metabolized by the cell.

A

True

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15
Q

Accumulation of carbon dioxide in cells is ______.

A

toxic

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16
Q

Identify the uses of energy when ATP is broken down.

A

Production of heat

The synthesis or breakdown of molecules

Performing work such as opening a channel

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17
Q

Identify the importance of O2 in the human body. O2 is necessary to ______.

A

extract energy (ATP) from food molecules

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18
Q

The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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19
Q

When molecules such as glucose are metabolized by cells, the molecule ______ is formed as a principle waste product.

A

carbon dioxide

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20
Q

The primary energy molecule of the body that carries energy in high energy covalent bonds between phosphate molecules is _____.

A

ATP

21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a class of nutrients?

A

Enzymes

22
Q

What is an ingested substance used by the body to produce energy and to provide building blocks for new molecules?

A

Nutrient

23
Q

Choose examples of essential nutrients. Select all that apply.

A

Water
Minerals
Most vitamins

24
Q

The term for the overall process by which the body obtains and utilizes components of food is?

A

nutrition

25
Q

Nutrients that the body needs but is incapable of synthesizing in adequate amounts are called ________ nutrients.

A

essential

26
Q

One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) or a?

A

kilocalorie or kcal

27
Q

By definition, one _____ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

A

calorie

28
Q

Lipids or fats provide…kcal/gm of energy.

A

nine or 9

29
Q

A Calorie and a kilocalorie are both equivalent to how many calories?

A

1000

30
Q

In the typical U.S. diet, what is the relative order of consumption of the following nutrients (least % to most %)?

A
  1. proteins
  2. Lipids
  3. carbohydrates
31
Q

Carbohydrates and proteins provide…kcal/g of energy.

A

4 or four

32
Q

Anabolism and catabolism are parts of ______.

A

metabolism

33
Q

The term used for all energy-releasing chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller molecules is?

A

catabolism

34
Q

The production of ATP, cell division, and the manufacture of hormones are all examples of _____ reactions.

A

anabolic

35
Q

Digestion of foods and glycolysis are both good examples of _____ reactions.

A

catabolic

36
Q

A molecule is _____ when it gains electrons, and a molecule is _____ when it loses electrons.

A

reduced, oxidized

37
Q

During the ______ state, glucose is obtained through absorption of digested carbohydrates, whereas during the ______ state, glucose is maintained by the conversion of other molecules.

A

absorptive, post absorptive

38
Q

The production of ATP, cell division, and the manufacture of hormones are all examples of _____ reactions.

A

anabolic

39
Q

Events of the absorptive state include ______. Select all that apply.

A

glucose converted to glycogen

synthesis of proteins

triglycerides stored in adipose tissue

40
Q

When glycogen and fat reserves are gone, the body uses ______ for energy.

A

proteins

41
Q

Glycogenesis, triglycerides storage, and the use of glucose for fuel occurs during the ______ state.

A

absorptive

42
Q

The factors that can directly influence body weight are ______. Select all that apply.

A

proportion of fat in diet

physical activity

kilocalorie input

43
Q

Identify the factors that can affect basal metabolic rate. Select all that apply.

A

Percent of muscle tissue versus adipose

Age

Levels of thyroid hormone

44
Q

If the daily input of energy is less than the expenditure of energy, a person would… weight.

A

lose

45
Q

The thermic effect of food accounts for about how much of the body’s energy expenditure?

A

10%

46
Q

True or False: The energy cost of digesting and absorbing food as well as the synthesis of new molecules is called the thermic effect of food.

A

True

47
Q

The factors that decrease BMR are ______. Select all that apply.

A

increased age

diets and fasting

48
Q

To increase the basal metabolic rate, a person can choose which of the following?

A

Increased level of physical activity

Human physiology-Degree (33 decks)

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