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Pharmacology > Pharmacology - Chapter 60 - Estrogens and Progestins > Flashcards

Pharmacology - Chapter 60 - Estrogens and Progestins Flashcards

1
Q

Estrogens and Progestins are produced by ___.

A

Ovaries.

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2
Q

During pregnancy, a lot of Estrogen/Progestin is produced by the ____.

A

Placenta.

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3
Q

Estrogen/Progestin - promote development of…

A

secondary sex characteristics in females.

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4
Q

Estrogen doesn’t protect against coronary heart disease and osteoporosis. T/F?

A

False - it does!

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5
Q

Estrogens increase cholesterol excretion by altering bile acids. T/F?

A

True!

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6
Q

What are the two clinical applications of Estrogen/Progestin?

A

Contraceptive and Non-contraceptive.

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7
Q

HRT - Estrogens are given….

A

to replace estrogens lost following menopause.

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8
Q

HRT - Progestins - given to prevent…

A

adverse effects of estrogens on the endometrium.

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9
Q

Endometrium - functions as a ….

A

lining for the uterus.

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10
Q

Menstrual Cycle - Day 1-14 =

A

Follicular Phase.

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11
Q

Menstrual Cycle - Day 15-28 =

A

Luteal Stage.

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12
Q

Menstrual Cycle - what happens in the ovary?

A

Several ovarian follicles ripen, one of the ripe follicles ruptures, ruptured follice evolves into a corpus luteum, and if fertilization doesn’t occur, corpus luteum dissolves.

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13
Q

Menstrual Cycle - in the uterus - What happens?

A

While follicles ripe, endometrium prepares for nidation (implantation) by increasing thickness and vascularity.
Following ovulation, uterus continues to prepare.
If nidation fails, thickened endometrium breaks down, causing menstruation.

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14
Q

Menstrual Cycle - Estrogen and Progesterone - what does it end with?

A

It ends with the breakdown of the endometrium.

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15
Q

Estrogen - in females, where does it come from?

A

Ovary.

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16
Q

In males, where does estrogen come from?

A

Testosterone is converted to estrogens in the liver and peripheral tissues.

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17
Q

What are some adverse effects of Estrogen?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia, carcinoma, breast cancer.

18
Q

Prolonged use of estrogen by menopausal women may increase the risk of ____ ____. If used in combination with progestin, the risk is ___.

A

Endometrial carcinoma/little.

19
Q

What do SERM’s Do? (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators)

A

Stimulate estrogen receptors in some tissues and block some receptors in others (selective.)

20
Q

What are the benefits of SERM’s?

A

Protection against osteoporosis, maintenance of urogenital tract, and reduction of LDL cholesterol.

21
Q

What are the risks of SERM’s?

A

Promotion of breast cancer, uterine cancer, and thromboembolism.

22
Q

What are the 3 SERM’s?

A

Tamoxifen (Nolvadex), Toremefine (Fareston), and Raloxifene (Evista).

23
Q

What does Tomixifen do?

A

It blocks estrogen receptors, inhibits breast cell growth, stimulates estrogen receptors, protects osteoporosis, stimulates increase the risk of uterine cancer and thromboembolism.

24
Q

Is Toremefine (Fareston) the same as Tomixifen?

A

Yes!

25
Q

Raloxifene (Evista) - What does it do?

A

It does the same stuff as Tomoxifen, but does not stimulate estrogen receptors, so there’s no risk of Uterine Cancer!

26
Q

Progestins - act like…

A

progesterone.

27
Q

Progesterone - produced by…

A

ovaries and placenta.

28
Q

What is Progestin used for?

A

Menopause, uterine bleeding, amenorrhea (absence or abnormal stoppage of menses/periods), endometriosis, premenstrual syndrome.

29
Q

What are some AE’s of Progestins?

A

Teratogenic Effects, Spotting, Breakthrough bleeding, breast tenderness, depression, photosensitivity.

30
Q

What is HRT used for?

A

Menopause!

31
Q

What are some benefits of HRT?

A

Suppresses vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes due to estrogen decline), Prevention of urogenital atrophy, prevention of osteoporosis, protection against Coronary Heart Disease.

32
Q

What are some risks of HRT?

A

Uterine cancer, breast cancer.

33
Q

What are some common Psychological and behavioral symptoms of PMS?

A

Irritability, Depression, mood change, crying spells, etc.

34
Q

What are some common physical symptoms of PMS?

A

Acne, breast tenderness, ankle edema, etc.

35
Q

PMS Free Interval - usually days __ to ___ of menstrual cycle.

A

4-12.

36
Q

Calcium - used during PMS to alleviate…

A

mood swings!

37
Q

PMS - what are SSRI’s used for?

A

Treating depression.

38
Q

PMS - what is Xanax used for?

A

Reduces irritability, tensions, etc.

39
Q

PMS - what are GnRH agonists used for? (Leuprolide)

A

Reduces breast tenderness, bloating, depression.

40
Q

PMS - What are Danazol and Bromocriptine used for?

A

Reducing breast tenderness/migraine.

41
Q

PMS - what is Spironolactone used for?

A

Relieves bloating.

42
Q

PMS - what are analgesics used for?

A

Reduce pain and cramps!

Pharmacology (88 decks)

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