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Phase 2: Reproduction, Nephrology and Urology > Lab 2: Male reproductive tract histology and anatomy > Flashcards

Lab 2: Male reproductive tract histology and anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the testis begin its development?

A

In the abdomal cavity

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2
Q

When does the testis descending into the scrotum?

A

Around the time of birth

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3
Q

What kind of joint is the symphysis pubis?

A

Cartilaginous joint

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4
Q

What kind of joint is the sacroliliac joint?

A

Synovial joint

Joint surfaces have irregularities which interlock, to resist movement

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5
Q

The sacrum is made up of how many fused sacral vertebrae?

A

5 unfused vertebrae which fuse between age 16-18 is complete bone by adulthood.

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6
Q

What 2 clinical conditions of the prostate can affect older men?

A
  1. Prostate cancer
  2. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
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7
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in ___ along the tubule

A

waves

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8
Q

How do primary spermatocytes divide?

A

Meiosis I

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9
Q

How do secondary spermatocytes divide?

A

Meiosis II

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10
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle compose the wall of the ductus deferens?

A

3

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11
Q

Name the layers of smooth muscle that make up the wall of the ductus deferens?

A
  1. Inner longitudinal
  2. Middle circular
  3. Outer longitudinal
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12
Q

What does the sacral foramina transmit?

A

Anterior and posterior branches of the sacral nerves

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13
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Collection of structures running to and from the testis and it suspends the testis in the scortum

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14
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord?

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Testicular artery
  • Pampiniform plexus of veins
  • Sympathetic nerves
  • Lymphatic vessels

Democrates

Lying

Press

Soviet

Trade

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15
Q

Name these parts of the pelvis?

A
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16
Q

Name these bony landmarks seens from the medial surface of the pelvis?

A
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17
Q

The spermatic cord run pass which structures?

A
  • Through the deep inguinal ring
  • Through the inguinal canal
  • Exits through the superficial inguinal ring
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18
Q

Which part of the uterus does the term “antiflexed” refer to?

A

Refers to the body of the uterus being bent forwards

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19
Q

Which part of the uterus does the term “antiverted” refer to?

A

Refers to the whole of the uterus being bent forwards

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20
Q

Define “spermatogenesis”?

A

Process of sperm formation

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21
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

Within the seminiferous tubules of the testis

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22
Q

What is the tunica albunginea?

A

Thick connective tissue capsule that encloses each testis

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23
Q

What is located within each lobule of the testis?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules

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24
Q

What seperates the testis into lobules?

A

Fibrous septa

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25
Q

Place the following in order of development.

A) Spermatocyte

B) Spermatogonium

C) Speramtid

D) Spermatozoon

A

B) Spermatogonium

A) Spermatocyte

C) Speramtid

D) Spermatozoon

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26
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Within the seminiferous tubules of the testis

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27
Q

Each testis is enclosed in a thick connective tissue capsule. The tunica what?

A

Tunica albunginea

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28
Q

Tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis:

Which one is the most outer?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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29
Q

Name these parts of the histological slide of the testis?

A
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30
Q

What are the cells located in the interstitium of the testis? Describe the difference in their locations?

A
  1. Peritubular myoid cell
    1. They surround the seminiferous tubules.
    2. Located just outside the basement membrane
  2. Leydig cells.
    1. Found in small clusters
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31
Q

Which interstitial cells of the testes are responsible for the blood-testis barrier?

A

Sertoli cells

32
Q

What is the significance of the blood-testis barrier?

A

Prevents auto-immune destruction of the developing gametes

33
Q

What are the key characteristics of the Sertoli cell?

A

Nuclei are triangular shaped

Cytoplasm extends from the basement membrane to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

34
Q

What changes occur in the seminiferous tubules during puberty?

A

The tubules become hollow

35
Q

Where are spermatogonia located?

A

in contact with the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule.

36
Q

As the spermatogonia matures it enters meiosis and becomes _____. They move through the single cell epithelial layer formed by adjacent ____ cells. Tight junctions at the base of the epithelium provide the ________, which eliminates direct contact of maturing germ cells with the external environment

A

As the spermatogonia matures it enters meiosis and becomes spermatocyte. They move through the single cell epithelial layer formed by adjacent Sertoli cells. Tight junctions at the base of the epithelium provide the blood-testis barrier, which eliminates direct contact of maturing germ cells with the external environment

37
Q

The blood-testis barrier is formed by the tight junction of the Sertoli cells, splitting the seminiferous tubule into adluminal and basal compartments.

Which cells occupy the adluminal compartment?

A

Contains developing spermatocytes, spermatids, and mature spermatozoa that are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

38
Q

Which muscle in the scrotum is important for regulating heat loss by wrinkling the skin?

A

Dartos muscle

39
Q

What is the function of the dartos muscle in the scortum?

A

The dartos muscle is a sheet of smooth muscle, situated immediately underneath the skin. It acts to help regulate the temperature of the scrotum, by wrinkling the skin – this decreases surface area, reducing heat loss.

40
Q

Name these layers of the scortum?

A
41
Q

What are the two primary functions of the testes?

A

Production of sperm (spermatogenesis)

Synthesis of testosterone

42
Q

The adjacent cytoplasm of Sertoli cells are joined by which type of junctions?

A

Tight junctions

43
Q

What important role does the paminiform plexus perform in the testes?

A

It cools the blood that enters the testes.

44
Q

Which cells produce the testosterone in the testes?

A

Interstitial cells of the Leydig

45
Q

Spermatids are formed after the division of which cells?

A

Secondary spermatocytes

46
Q

The process of spermiogensis involves:

A) Transformation of spermatogonia into spermatids

B) Morphological changes of spermatids into sperm.

A

B) Morphological changes of spermatids into sperm.

47
Q

The main function of the acrosome on the sperm head is to?

A

Penetrate the cell layers and the zona pellucida around the oocyte

48
Q

Which function listed below is performed by the Sertoli cells?

A) Production of LH

B) Secretion of testosterone

C) Secretion of androgen-binding protein

D) Acceleration of spermatid mitosis

E) Acceleration of FSH production

A

C) Secretion of androgen-binding protein

49
Q

The excess cytoplasm from spermatids are phagocytosed by which cells?

A

Sertoli cells

50
Q

What suppresses the release of FSH only from the pituitary gland?

A

Inhibin

51
Q

Name these parts of the testes?

A
52
Q

Describe the countercurrent heat-exchange mechanism? and whats its importance?

A
  • Testicular arteries that descend into the scrotum are surrounded by the paminform plexus (veins).
  • Blood returned from the testes in the pampiniform plexus is cooler than the blood flowing in the arteries towards the testes
  • The heat-exchange mechanism cools the arterial blood before it enters the testes
  • Important as it maintains a lower temperature in the testes.
53
Q

Describe the sperm cells that enter the epididymis?

A

They are mature but are nonmotile and incapable of fertilising an oocyte

54
Q

Where do the sperm become activated and are able to fertilise an oocyte?

A

In the female reproductive tract

55
Q

Where do the sperm become activated and are motile but are still not able to fertilise an oocyte?

A

In the epididymis

56
Q

Name the accessory glands in the male reproductive system?

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • Prostate gland
57
Q

The seminal vesicles are located ___ to the bladder and ___ to the prostate gland

A

A) Posterior

B) Superior

58
Q

Name the erectile tissues of the penis?

A
  • 2x corporsa cavernosa
  • 1x corporsa spongiosum
59
Q

Name the three parts of the urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Membranous urethra
  3. Penile urethra
60
Q

Which tunica (vaginalis or albuginea) surrounds the erectile body of the penis?

A

Tunica albuginea

61
Q

The penile urethra runs through which erectile tissue of the penis?

A

Corpora spongiosum

62
Q

Corpora cavernosa is located on ___ side and corpora spongiosum on the ___ side.

A

A) Dorsal

B) Ventral

63
Q

Which erectile tissue of the penis is on the underside?

A

Corpora cavernosa

64
Q

The ejaculatory ducts deliver their secretions into which duct?

A

Prostatic urethra

65
Q

Which accessory gland secretes fructose into the semen?

A

Seminal vesicles

66
Q

What secretions lubricate the penile urethra? and why is this important?

A

Mucous secretions from the bulbourethral glands

Important as it neutrliases the acidity of the urethra

67
Q

What precedes the semen during ejaculation?

A

Mucousa secretions from the bulbourethral glands

68
Q

What is the main source of energy for sperm in the ejaculate?

A

Fructose- produced by the seminal vesicles

69
Q

Which accessory gland on the male reproductive tract provides most of the fluid found in semen?

A

Seminal vesicles

70
Q

Which accessory gland secretes fibrinogen into the semen?

What is the importance of fibrinogen

A

Seminal vesicles

Fibringoen coagulates the semen

71
Q

What are the histological characteristics of the prostate gland?

A

Fibromuscular stroma

Prostatic concretions

72
Q

Which arteries supply the erectile bodies with blood (the penis)?

A

Dorsal artery and deep artery

73
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle compose the wall of the ductus deferens?

A

3 smooth muscle layers

  1. Longitudinal muscle (inner layer)
  2. Circular muscle (middle layer)
  3. Longitudinal muscle (outer layer)
74
Q

Distally, the corpus spongiosum expands to form?

A

The glans penis

75
Q

The erectile tissue is permeated (saturated) by blood sinuses. Why is this

A

The blood sinuses can be filled with large volumes of blood.

During erotic stimulation, the penis undergoes erection, becoming engorged with blood.

76
Q

What sort of tissue forms the stroma of the prostate?

A

Fibromuscular stroma

Phase 2: Reproduction, Nephrology and Urology (25 decks)

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