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Phase 2: Reproduction, Nephrology and Urology > Lecture 1: Gross anatomy of the reproductive tract > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Gross anatomy of the reproductive tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gonads of the female reproductive tract?

A

The ovaries (two of them)

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2
Q

Describe the duct system of the female reproductive tract?

A

Starts with a paired of uterine tube (left and right)

The uterinr tube follow into a single midline uterus and then vagina

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3
Q

Where is the female reproductive system located?

A

In the pelvis

The vagina extend through the pelvic floor

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4
Q

Name these parts of the uterine tube?

A
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5
Q

What is the function of the supporting ligaments of the female reproductive tract?

A

They support the internal female genitalia in the pelvis

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6
Q

Name the 3 groups of supporting ligaments in the female reproductive tract?

A

Broad ligament - associated with both uterus and ovaries

Uterine ligaments - associated with the uterus

Ovarian ligaments - associated with the ovaries

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7
Q

Describe the broad ligament?

A

The broad ligament is a flat sheet of peritoneum

It extends from the lateral pelvic wall and folds over the female reproductive system (anteriorly and posteriorly)

The broad ligament is like a bedsheet of the top of the reproductive tract.

Extends over the uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries.

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8
Q

What is the position of the ovaries?

A

Normally the ovaries are located in the posterior surface of the broad ligament.

In females who have had children, the ovaries may be positioned different because during pregnancy there is an enlargement of the uterus, which can result in the movement of the ovaries further way.

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9
Q

Name these parts of the uterus?

A

Fundus – is the top of the uterus, above the entry point of the uterine tubes.

Body

Cervix – lower part of uterus linking it with the vagina.

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10
Q

What is the main functions of the ovaries?

A
  • Exocrine function
    • To produce oocytes (female gametes)
  • Endocrine function
    • The endocrine function is to produce oestrogen and progesterone, which is released in response to pituitary gonadotrophins (LH and FSH)
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11
Q

Define the term “exocrine” and “endocrine”?

A

Exocrine: the secretions are secreted through duct openings onto epithleium

Endocrine: the secretions are secreted directly in the blood (most commonly hormones)

Bad way to remember is:

Exo- exit the body.

Endo- enters the blood

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12
Q

What happens to the ovaries after menopause?

A

They shrink

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13
Q

The ovaries position is stabilised by what?

A

Supporting ligaments

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14
Q

What is the arterial supply to the ovaries?

A

Paired ovarian arteries.

These arise directly from the abdominal aorta (inferior the renal arteries)

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15
Q

Describe the venous drainage for the ovaries?

A

Paired ovarian veins.

*** Note: the path of the left and right ovarian veins are different ***

The left ovarian vein -drains into the left renal vein

The right ovarian vein - drains directly into the inferior vena cava.

*** Right starts with RI- stands for R- Right and I- IVC **

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16
Q

Name these parts of the venous drainage for the ovaries?

A
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17
Q

Name these parts of the arterial tree, the parts located near the ovarian arteries?

A
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18
Q

Where does the lymphatics drainage of the ovaries drain into and why is this clinical significant?

A

Drains into the aortic nodes at the level of the renal vessels.

Clinical significant as ovarian cancer is diagnostically hard to detect and usually if it has metastasised it will be to these nodes.

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19
Q

What are the two supporting ligaments that attach the ovaries?

A
  1. Suspensory ligament of ovary:

Extends from the mesovarium to the pelvic wall

  1. Ligament of ovary (aka ovarian ligament):

Extends from the ovary to the fundus of the uterus.

  1. Mesovarium
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20
Q

Which supporting ligament of the ovaries carries the neurovascular structures?

A

The suspensory ligament of the ovary

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21
Q

Name these supporting ligaments of the ovaries?

A
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22
Q

Describe the mesovarium?

A
  • Part of the broad ligament
  • It is associated with the ovaries
  • Projects from the posterior surface of the broad ligament and attaches to the hilum of the ovary
  • Does not cover the ovary.
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23
Q

What are the two peritoneal pouches in females?

A
  1. Rectouterine
  2. Uterovesical
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24
Q

Describe the location of the two peritoneal pouches in females?

A

Rectouterine: Peritoneal space between the rectum and the uterus. Also known as the pouch of Douglas.

Uterovesical: Peritoneal space between the uterus and the bladder

25
Q

What are the clinical significance of the peritoneal pouches in females in regards to endometriosis?

A

Endometriosis is when the endometrium (which usually lines the inside of the uterus) starts to grow on the outside of the uterus.

Signficance: the endometrisos can start to grow in these pouches and can be difficult to diagnosis and treat

26
Q

Are the uterine tubes in direct contact with the ovaries?

A

No

When ovum is released, fluid is also released. This mixture is sucked into the uterine tube

27
Q

What are the 4 parts of the uterine tube?

A
  • Isthmus
  • Fimbriae
  • Ampulla
  • Infundibulum
28
Q

Describe the ampulla part of the uterine tube?

A

It is the widest section of the uterine tubes.

Fertilization usually occurs here.

29
Q

Describe the isthmus part of the uterine tube?

A

It is the narrow section of the uterine tubes

It connects the ampulla to the uterine cavity

The uterine tube gets narrower as it goes towards the uterus

30
Q

Describe the fimbriae part of the uterine tube?

A

Finger-like, ciliated projections which capture the ovum from the surface of the ovary

Entry point into the uterine tube

31
Q

Describe the infundibulum part of the uterine tube?

A

Funnel-shaped opening near the ovary to which fimbriae are attached.

32
Q

The finger-like projections of the uterine tube are called

A

Fimbriae

33
Q

The opening into the uterus is called the _____?

A

Internal os

34
Q

the opening into the vagina is called the ____?

A

External os

35
Q

The opening in the uterus is called the ___ os.

The opening in the vagina is called the ___os

A

Uterus = Internal os

Vagina= external os

36
Q

Name these os of the cervix?

A
37
Q

Describe Bicornuate Uterus?

A

Two distinct uterine horns present.

Congenital disorder- present at birth

Occurs due to the incomplete fusion of the Müllerian ducts

38
Q

Describe the position of the cervix?

A

The position of the uterus is anteflexion and anteversion.

Anteflexion: body of the uterus is bend forwards

Anteversion: Whole uterus is bent forward at a right angle to the vagina

39
Q

The normal position of the uterus is anteflexion and anteversion. However in 20% of females there position is?

A

Retroflexion and retroversion

Flexed backwards

No symptoms associated and no effect on reproductive capacity.

40
Q

Describes anteversion of the uterus?

A

Rotated forward towards the anterior surface of the body

41
Q

Describes anteflexion of the uterus?

A

Flexed, towards the anterior surface of the body

42
Q

What is the arterial supply to the uterus?

A

Uterine artery, branch of the internal iliac artery

43
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the uterus?

A

Drains to the internal iliac veins

44
Q

What are the gonads of the male reproductive tract?

A

Testes

45
Q

Describe the duct system of the male reproductive tract?

A

The sperm passes through the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct.

The ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate and opens into the urethra (shared duct with the urinary secretions)

46
Q

Name these parts of the duct system in the male reproductive tract?

A
47
Q

Name the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Prostate gland
  • Two seminal vesicles
  • Two bulbourethral glands
48
Q

Describe the location of the testes?

A

The testes are located within the scrotum

The scrotum is located outside the body cavity

49
Q

What three major structures are located in the scrotum?

A
  1. Testis
  2. Epididymis
  3. Spermatic cord
50
Q

Seminal vesicles sit ____ the prostate?

A

above

51
Q

Bulbourethral glands sits ____ the prostate?

A

Below

52
Q

What is the function of bulbourethral glands?

A

The secretion help to lubricate the distal urethra and neutralize acidic urine which remains in the urethra

53
Q

What is the seminal vesicles secretion comprised of?

A
  • Secretes an alkaline fluid which helps to neutralise the acid in the female tract
  • Fructose – provides an energy source for spermatozoa
  • Prostaglandins – have a role in suppressing the female immune response to foreign semen and stimulates the contraction of the muscles in the female tract, which aid the sperm in moving into the uterine tubes.
54
Q

Which two ducts come together to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

Duct of the seminal vesicles join with the duct deferens

**Remember males have two of everything prior to the urethra e.g. two duct deferens, two ejaculatory duct**

55
Q

Describe the prostate gland?

A
  • Surrounds the beginning of the urethra
  • Secretes a slightly acidic fluid containing citrate (used by sperm for ATP production), acid phosphatase and proteolytic enzymes which liquefy coagulated semen
  • Passes its secretion to the urethra via many prostatic ducts
56
Q

What is secretion is produced by the Bulbourethral glands?

A

Secretes a little bit of mucus-like secretion that is added to the ejaculatory fluids

Located below the prostate.

Open into the proximal portion of the spongy urethra (not via the prostate gland)

57
Q

Name these parts of the male reproductive tract?

A
58
Q

Draw a diagram to represent the flow of fluid in the male urogenital tract?

A
59
Q

What is another name for the round ligament of the uterus?

A

Also known as the ligamentum teres uteri.

Similar to the round ligament of liver, which is also known as the ligamentum teres hepatis.

Phase 2: Reproduction, Nephrology and Urology (25 decks)

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