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Phase 2: Reproduction, Nephrology and Urology > Lecture 5: Male reproduction > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Male reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatogonium -> Spermatocyte -> Speramtid ->Spermatozoon.

At which of the above stages is the chromosome number halved by meiosis?

A

Spermatocytes undergo meiosis

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2
Q

What is the function of the interstitial Leydig cells of the tests and what controls their function?

A

Testicular interstitial cells secrete hormones, particularly testosterone, under the influence of luteinising hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary

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3
Q

Where does Spermatogenesis begin?

A

Begins in the seminiferous tubules of the testes after the onset of puberty

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4
Q

Define the term “spermatogenesis”?

A

Formation of sperm

At puberty the spermatogonia (immature stem cells) begin to undergo mitotic division and continually proliferate and differentiate through definite stages of development to form sperm

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5
Q

Name these parts of the male reproductive tract?

A
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6
Q

Identify these parts on the diagram of the male reproductive tract ?

A

A- Urinary bladder

B- Pubic symphysis

C- Urethra

D- Scortum

E- Testis

F- Epididymis

G- Ductus deferens

H- Prostate

I- Seminal vesicle

J- Rectum

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7
Q

Name these parts of the testis?

A
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8
Q

The contents from both the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles pass into the ____ duct leading through the body of the prostate gland and then emptying into the ____

A

A. Ejaculatory duct

B. Urethra

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9
Q

Which duct is the last connecting link from the testis to the exterior?

A

The urethra

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10
Q

What are the functions of the testis?

A
  1. To produce hormones, particularly testosterone.
  2. Produce sperm by the process spermatogenesis
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11
Q

What hormone is required in order to spermatogensis to occur?

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

What part of the male reproductive tract produces testosterone?

A

The testis

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13
Q

The testis are surrounded by a tough capsule. What are the layers of the capsule?

A
  • Tunica vaginalis (outer)
    • Parietal layer
    • Visceral layer
  • Tunica albuginea
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14
Q

Name these layers of the capsule of the testis?

A
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15
Q

The testis have how many lobules in them?

A

200-300 lobules

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16
Q

What does the testis lobules contain?

A

The seminferous tubules

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17
Q

The immature germ cells of the male are called?

A

spermatogonia

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18
Q

What stimulates the process spermatogenesis (occurs in the seminferous tubules)?

A

Stimulation by anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)

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19
Q

At what age does spermatogensis begin and when does it cease?

A

Begins at puberty (around the age of 13)

Ceases at death

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20
Q

The process spermatogenesis, how long does it take to produce a mature sperm?

A

64 days

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21
Q

What happens to the seminferous tubules at puberty?

A

Prior, they are solid.

Puberty, a lumen forms allowing the sperm to move into the epididymis.

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22
Q

What two cell populations are found in the seminferous tubules of the testes?

A

Germ cells

Sertoli cells

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23
Q

The testes can be divided into two compartments. Name them?

A

Seminferous tubules and interstitium

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24
Q

Name these compartments of the testes?

A
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25
Q

Which cells types are:

D, E and F

A

D- Leydig cell

E- Germ cell

F- Cytoplasm of a Sertoli cell

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26
Q

What cells are found in the seminiferous tubules of the testes?

A

Germ cells and Sertoli cells

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27
Q

What cells are found in the interstitium of the testes?

A

Leydig cells

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28
Q

Name the cell types of spermatogenesis from most immature to most mature?

A
  • Spermatogonia
  • Spermatocytes
  • Spermatids
  • Spermatozoa
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29
Q

Describe the Sertoli cells?

A

Found in the seminiferous tubules.

Large cells, with overflowing cytoplasmic envelopes that surround the developing spermatogonia all the way to the central lumen of the tubule

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30
Q

Describe the spermatogonia?

A
  • Found in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules
  • Spermatogonia are diploid germ cells (23 pairs of chromosomes aka 46 chromosomes (2n))
  • Two types: A and B
  • Type A is subdivided into two types: Dark and Pale
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31
Q

___ A will divide to give type B spermatogonium

A

Pale

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32
Q

What are the two types of spermatogonia?

A

Type A and B

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33
Q

What are the two types of type A spermatogonia?

A

Pale and Dark type A spermatogonia

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34
Q

What is the function of the pale A spermatogonia?

A

Divides by mitosis to give Type B spermatogonia

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35
Q

What is the function of the dark A spermatogonia?

A

“reserve” spermatogonia, will turn over and replenishing the spermatogonia germ cells reservoir

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36
Q

Name these cell types involved in spermatocytogenesis

A
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37
Q

What is the function of the type B spermatogonia?

A

divide (by mitosis) to give rise to primary spermatocytes.

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38
Q

Type B spermatogonia divide by mitosis to give which cells?

A

Primary spermatocytes

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39
Q

Primary spermatocytes undergo which type of division to form secondary spermatocytes?

A

Meiotic division (meiosis 1)

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40
Q

Primary spermatocytes undergo division to form which cell type?

A

Secondary spermatocytes

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41
Q

Secondary spermatocytes undergo division to form which cell type?

A

Spermatids

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42
Q

Secondary spermatocytes undergo which type of division to form spermatids?

A

Meiotic division (meiosis 2)

43
Q

Spermatids undergo differentation to form?

A

Spermatozoa (mature sperm)

44
Q

Spermatids undergo which type of process to form spermatozoa (mature sperm)?

A

Differentation

45
Q

Name these different processes of the spermatogenesis?

A
46
Q

Name these different cell types of spermatogenesis?

A
47
Q

Describe the differentation process from spermatids into spermatozoa?

A

Spermatids still have the usual characteristics of epithelioid cells

Differentation occurs, causing them to become reorganised. They elongate and a flagella forms.

Takes the shape of a spermatozoa

48
Q

What are the reorganisated changes that occur for the spermatid to become spermatozoa?

A
  • Nucleus condenses- to allow the DNA to be compacted into the head of the sperm.
  • Cytoplasm remodels
  • Midpiece forms
  • Flagella forms
  • More elongated in shape
  • Acrosome (sperm cap) forms
49
Q

During the differentation process, from spermatids into spermatazoa, the cytoplasm becomes reorganised. What happens to the excess cytoplasm?

A

The excess cytoplasm forms a residual body.

The residual body gets left behind and gets phagocytosed by Sertoli cells

50
Q

Is the spermatozoa diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid (contains 23 chromsomes)

51
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the spermatozoa?

A

Head, midpiece and tail

52
Q

What is the function of the head of the spermatozoa?

A

Location of the condensed nucleus of the cell

53
Q

What is the function of the acrosome (in the spermatozoa)?

A

Role in fertilisation

The acrosome is a thick cap that surrounds the head of the spermatozoa.

The acrosome contains several enzymes similar to those found in lysosomes of the typical cell. These enzymes play important roles in allowing the sperm to enter the ovum and fertilize it.

54
Q

What is the function of the midpiece of the spermatzoa?

A

Provides the spermatazoa with the energy for motility.

High concentration of mitchondria in the midpiece

55
Q

What is the function of the tail of the spermatozoa?

A
  • Called the flagellum
  • Back-and-forth movement of the tail (flagellar movement) provides motility for the sperm
56
Q

Where are spermatozoa located in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Near the lumen

57
Q

Which cell is the largest in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatocytes (cannot differentate between primary and secondary)

58
Q

Sertoli cells are derived from the ____ of the developing testis

A

sex cords

59
Q

Where does the Sertoli cells span?

A

From the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule

60
Q

Luteinizing hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the ____ cells to secrete testosterone.

A

Leydig cells

61
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the ____ cells

A

Sertoli cells

62
Q

Without the FSH stimulation of the Sertoli cells, which process would not occur?

A

The process of spermiogensis (conversion of spermatids to sperm)

63
Q

Luteinizing hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete which hormone?

A

Testosterone

64
Q

the Leydig cells located in the ____ of the testis

A

interstitium

65
Q

Most of the spermatozoa are stored in the?

A

Epididymis

66
Q

What is the function of the Sertoli cells?

A
  • Providing nutrients
  • Phagocytosing excess spermatid cytoplasm (residual body)
67
Q

Sertoli cells are connected to one another by which type of junction? What is the significance?

A

Tight junction

Important in separating the seminiferous tubule into two compartments: adluminal (towards the lumen) and basal (towards the basal lamina). Forming the blood-testis barrier

68
Q

What is the importance of the blood-testis barrier?

A

barrier between the adluminal and basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule.

The blood–testis barrier protects spermatocytes and spermatids from immune attack, as these haploid cells are recognized as foreign by a man’s immune system

69
Q

What are the names of the two compartments that the tight junctions between sertoli cells seal the seminiferous tubules into?

A
  • The basal compartment
    • Close to the basal lamina
  • The adluminal comparment
    • Towards the lumen
70
Q

Why does the Leydig cells contain pale cytoplasm?

A

Because they contain many cholesterol-lipid droplets.

Important for their endocrine function (to produce testosterone)

71
Q

Leydig cells produce testosterone in response to what stimulus?

A

Lutenising hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

72
Q

Sertoli cells produce what kind of hormone?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

Inhibin

73
Q

Sertoli cells produce androgen binding protein in response to what stimulus?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.

74
Q

What hormone does the Leydig cell produce?

A

Testosterone

75
Q

FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells to produce what?

A

Secrete androgen-binding protein into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

76
Q

Name the somatic cells of the testes?

A

Somatic: any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

  1. Sertoli cell
  2. Leydig cell
  3. Peritubular myoid cells
77
Q

How does the somatic cells of the testes support the germ cells?

A

The germ cells do not have receptors for the gonadotrophin hormones (FSH and LH)

However, these somatic cells have receptors for these hormones.

78
Q

Describe the androgen-binding protein and its involvement in spermatogenesis?

A
  • Produced by Sertoli cells in response to FSH.
  • Binding of testosterone (secreted by Leydig cells) in the lumen
  • Provides a local testosterone supply for the developing spermatogonia
  • A protein which binds to testosterone and keeps it within the seminiferous tubules
79
Q

Testosterone produced by the ___ cells are secreted into the lumen and binds to the androgen-binding protein, which is secreted by the ____ cell.

A

A) Sertoli

B) Leydig

80
Q

____ produced by the Sertoli cells are secreted into the lumen and binds to the _____, which is secreted by the Leydig cell.

A

A) Testosterone

B) Androgen-binding protein

81
Q

Where are the peritubular myoid cells located?

A

They surround the basement membrane

82
Q

What is the function of the peritubular myoid cells?

A

The main role in the self-renewal and maintenance of the stem cell population, by signalling Dark Type A spermatogonia

83
Q

Name these stages in the development of sperm from spermatogonia

A
84
Q

Name these different parts of the spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Spermatogonia
  3. Primary spermatocyte
  4. Secondary spermatocyte
  5. Spermatid
  6. Spermatozoa
  7. Sertoli cell
  8. Tight junction (blood testis barrier)
85
Q

Onset of puberty kickstarts which structure to produce hormones?

A

The hypothalamus to produce GnRH.

86
Q

FSH enters the testes and stimulates Sertoli cells to begin facilitating spermatogenesis using what kind of feedback

A

Negative feedback

87
Q

What is the function of Testosterone?

A
  • Produced by Leydig cells
  • Drives secondary sexual characteristics
  • Stimulates spermatogenesis
88
Q

What is the function of the inhibin?

A
  • Produced by Sertoli cells
  • Inhibiting the pituitary gland to limit the production of FSH
  • Reduction in the spermatogenesis process
89
Q

Once spermatogenesis reaches sufficient levels, the Sertoli cells produce which hormone?

A

Inhibin

90
Q

Which hormones are important in the negative feedback in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in males?

A

Testosterone and inhibin

91
Q

If the sperm count is too low, the Sertoli cells stop producing which hormone?

A

Inhibin

92
Q

Which two hormones stimulate the Sertoli cells to support the developing germ cells

A

Testosterone and FSH

93
Q

Once spermatogenesis reaches sufficient levels, the Sertoli cells produce which hormone?

A

Inhibin

94
Q

Define Endocrine Disruptors

A
  • Exogenous substances that disrupt normal endocrine function
  • Either increasing or decreasing the normal endocrine function
  • As endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis these delicate changes can cause a massive change in other areas of the body
95
Q

Name the 4 main types of endocrine disruptors?

A
  • Natural hormone that are released into the environment
  • Natural chemicals produced by plants/fungi e.g. phytoestrogens
  • Synthetically produced pharmaceuticals e.g. contraceptive pill
  • Man-made chemicals e.g. DDT
96
Q

What are the 3 mode of mechanisms for endocrine disruptors?

A
  1. Agonistic mechanism
  2. Antagonistic mechanism
  3. Interference mechanism
97
Q

Describe the agonistic mode of mechanism for endocrine disruptors?

A
  • The disruptor has a similar structure to the biological hormone.
  • Can bind to the biological hormone receptors- activating them
  • Mimic hormone biological activity by binding to a receptor and activating it
  • This results in either:
    • Too much hormone activity
    • Hormone activity at an inappropriate time
98
Q

Describe the antagonistic mode of mechanism for endocrine disruptors?

A
  • Binds to the biological hormone receptor
  • Preventing binding of biological hormone
  • Resulting in the prevention of the biological hormone action
99
Q

Describe the interference mode of mechanism for endocrine disruptors?

A
  • The disruptor interferes with metabolic processes in the body
  • The disruptor interferes with either the breakdown or synthesis of the biological hormone.
  • Results in either an increase or decrease in biological hormone activity
    • Too much hormone activity
    • Prevents normal hormonal activity
100
Q

What is the effects of the endocrine disruptors on the male?

A
  • Cause a range of reproductive problems
  • Can effect a range of other biological systems.

Can include but limited to the following:

  • Reduced fertility
  • Early puberty
  • Brain/bevhaiour problems
  • Cancers
101
Q

Describe phthalates?

A
  • Type of endocrine disruptor
  • Man made chemical that functions to soften PVC plastics
  • May pose a risk to human development, especially male infants
102
Q

Describe testicular dysgenesis syndrome?

A
  • Male reproduction-related condition characterized by the presence of symptoms and disorders, in fetus and in adults.
  • Symptoms include hypospadias, cryptorchidism, poor semen quality, infertility, abnormal testis development.
  • There has been a global increase in this syndrome as more and more men have sperm quality and quantity issues
  • Thought to be related to the increase use of endocrine disruptors e.g. phthalates
103
Q

Name and describe one endocrine disruptor?

A
  • Anabolic steroids
  • In small doses, they increase the muscle development, which is the desirable effects as it increases athletic performance.
  • In high levels, it has negative effects on the male reproductive tract.
    • Testis atrophy (aka shrink)
  • Also has side effects on other systems e.g. liver and kidney disease
104
Q

Describe Diethylstilbestrol (DES)?

A
  • Endocrine disruptor
  • Used in the 1970s to prevent miscarriages and promote fetal growth.
  • Banned as they were an endocrine disruptor affected fetal development and caused vaginal cancer (only noticable at puberty)

Phase 2: Reproduction, Nephrology and Urology (25 decks)

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