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.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER > 18. Urinary System > Flashcards

18. Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

How many segments in a nephron/kidney?

A

5

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2
Q

Functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

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3
Q

Macrophages of kidney

A

Mesangial cells

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4
Q

Pathway of filtration in a nephron

A

Afferent BV > Glomerulus > PCT > Loop of henle > DCT > collecting ducts

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5
Q

Made up of bowman’s capsule and glomurular capillaries

A

Renal corpuscle

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6
Q

Lining of renal tubules (mostly)

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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7
Q

BQ: What are the filtering units of the glomerulus?

A

Podocytes

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8
Q

Clusters of capillaries where blood is filtered

A

Glomerular capillaries or glomerulus

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9
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

125mL/min

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10
Q

2/3 (60-70%) of filtrate are reabsorbed here

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

PCT: Active transport

A

Glucose, amino acid, Na

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12
Q

PCT: for water reabsorption (facilitated diffusion)

A

Aquaporins

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13
Q

BQ: Has counter current mechanism

A

Loop of henle

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14
Q

“Concentrating segment”

- because water goes out here

A

Thin descending segment of loop of henle

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15
Q

“Diluting segment”

- because solutes or electrolytes go out here

A

Thick ascending segment of loop of henle

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16
Q

Wall is very permeable to water

- water comes out due to HIGH osmotic pressure in medulla

A

Thin descending segment

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17
Q

Not permeable to water

Has ion pumps that pumps out (Na, Cl, K) ions out and towards the medulla

A

Thick ascending segment

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18
Q

Normally not permeable to water
Changes its function depending on the hormone present
(Aldosterone/Adh/Pth)

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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19
Q

Na reabsorption and K excretion

A

Aldosterone

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20
Q

H20 reabsorption

A

Adh

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21
Q

Calcium reabsorption and Phosphate excretion

A

Pth

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22
Q

Collects the filtered urine

Drains to the minor calyx

A

Collecting tubules

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23
Q

Receives filtrate from collecting tubules

A

Minor calyx

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24
Q

Receives filtrate from minor calyx

A

Major calyx

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25
Q

Receives filtrate from the major calyx

A

renal pelvis

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26
Q

Brings urine towards ureter going to the bladder

A

Renal pelvis

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27
Q

Regulates the blood volume

- influences blood pressure and solutes

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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28
Q

BQ: What are the cells responsible for TGF or tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

Macula densa cells of DCT

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29
Q

Detects NaCl concentration in DCT = ⬇️Blood volume = ⬇️ Urine output

A

Macula densa cells of DCT

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30
Q

Maximum capacity of bladder

A

500ml

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31
Q

Lining of bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

32
Q

Shape of bladder in relaxed or empty state

A

Cuboidal

33
Q

Shape of bladder in full or stretched state

A

Squamous

34
Q

High NaCl concentration in DCT = afferent arterioles ____

A

High NaCl concentration in DCT = afferent arterioles CONSTRICT

35
Q

Low NaCl concentration in DCT = afferent arterioles ____

A

LOW NaCl concentration in DCT = afferent arterioles DILATE

36
Q

Signals Juxtaglomerular cells to release RENIN

A

Low NaCl concentration in DCT

37
Q

Cells found along afferent arterioles that secretes RENIN which is important for RAAS

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

38
Q

BQ: GFR measures: 3

A

“CrIB”
Creatinine - most important
Inulin
Blood urea nitrogen (Bun)

39
Q

BQ: What is the average daily urine output?

A
  1. 5L/day

1. 5-2.0L/day

40
Q

Most specific in determining GFR

A

Creatinine

41
Q

⬆️ creatinine = problem in

A

Problem in kidney

42
Q

Are almost completely reabsorbed in the PCT

A

Glucose and amino acid

43
Q

99% of filtered water is reabsorbed: Only 1% of water forms the _

A

1% of water = urine

44
Q

RAAS:
Na and water =
K =

A

RAAS:
Na and water = reabsorption ⬆️
K = excretion ⬆️

45
Q

Urine pigment

A

Urobilin

46
Q

Uric acid crystals are from what Bases

A

Purine (adenine and guanine)

47
Q

BQ: Renal threshold for Glucosuria

A

160*-180mg/dl

48
Q

BQ: How many nephrons per kidney?

A

1 million nephrons per kidney

49
Q

Inner part of kidney

A

Renal medulla

50
Q

Outer part of kidney

A

Renal cortex

51
Q

Which is lower: Left or right kidney?

A

Right kidney is lower - because of the LIVER

52
Q

What does the kidney filter?

A

Kidney filters BLOOD

53
Q

Blood vessel towards a nephron

A

Afferent arteriole

54
Q

Blood vessel away from a nephron

A

Efferent arteriole

55
Q

Loop of Henle is located in which part of the kidney

A

Renal medulla

56
Q

Other name for Renal corpuscle

A

Malphigian corpuscle

57
Q

Can RBCs cross or enter the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

No.

*If yes = HEMATURIA (Blood in the urine)

58
Q

Filtrate is composed of (4)

A

Water
Electrolytes (Na,K,Cl)
Amino acids
Glucose

59
Q

BQ: Water comes out from the Thin descending segment of loop of henle because of

A

Hyperosmotic renal medulla

60
Q

Water and electrolytes that go out from the loop of henle goes to the

A

Vasa recta - then towards the circulatory system

61
Q

What is the blood vessel adjacent to a nephron?

A

Vasa recta

62
Q

Hormones that affect function of DCT

A

“PAA”
Pth
Aldosterone
Adh

63
Q

blood volume is how many % in relation to the body weight

A

8% of body weight

64
Q

What happens when Macula densa cells detect HIGH NaCl concentration in the DCT?
⬆️NaCl concentration
- Macula densa cells signals afferent arterioles to?
- Blood volume?
- GFR?
- Urine output?

A

⬆️NaCl conc(iisipin ng macula densa cells: maalat = kulang sa water/blood volume)

  • signals afferent arterioles to CONSTRICT
  • ⬇️ Blood volume towards glomerulus
  • ⬇️ GFR
  • ⬇️ Urine output
65
Q

2 important cells present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa cells of DCT and Juxtaglomerular cells

66
Q

What happens when Macula densa cells detect LOW NaCl concentration in the DCT?
⬇️NaCl concentration
- Macula densa cells signals afferent arterioles to?
- Blood volume?
- GFR?
- Urine output?

A

⬇️NaCl conc (iisipin ng macula densa cells: matabang = sobra sa water/blood volume)

  • signals afferent arterioles to DILATE
  • ⬆️ Blood volume towards glomerulus
  • ⬆️ GFR
  • ⬆️ Urine output
67
Q

IMPORTANT: Macula densa cells send signals to 2 cells when there is LOW NaCl concentration

A
  1. Afferent arterioles to DILATE = ⬆️Vol
  2. Juxtaglomerular cells to secrete RENIN (RAAS: Aldosterone - end product)
    Aldosterone = Na reabsorption
    – Ayaw ni macula densa itapon mga solutes, so babalik sa VASA RECTA to blood
    – Aldosterone - Sodium reabsorption ❤️ H20 follows: pakonti konti lang para di agad babagsak yung katawan
68
Q

Cells found along the afferent arterioles that secretes renin which is important in RAAS

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

69
Q

RAAS EFFECT:
Bv -
BP -
GFR -

A

RAAS EFFECT: Aldosterone :Na reabsorption
Bv - vasodilation
BP - increase BP
GFR - increase GFR

70
Q

BQ: Location of Baroreceptors

A

Carotid and aortic SINUS

71
Q

Stimulus for RENIN secretion (4)

A

Low NaCl concentration in DCT
Low BP
Decrease renal blood flow = Dec GFR
Sympathetic activation

72
Q

What detects pressure in the blood?

A

Baroreceptors

73
Q

BQ: Lining of urinary bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

74
Q

Suffix for ACE inhibitors

A

ACE-pril

- Captopril: dont convert angiotensin I to II

75
Q

Example of A2 antagonist drug

A

Losartan

.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER (38 decks)

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