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.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER > 7. Skeletal System > Flashcards

7. Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Part of bone resp for hematopoiesis or blood production

A

Red bone marrow

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2
Q

Hydroxyapatite is composed of

A

Calcium and phosphate

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3
Q

Part of bone resp for fat storage

A

Yellow bone marrow

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4
Q

Total bones of adult

A

206 bones

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5
Q

Total bones in newborn

A

270-350

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6
Q

How many axial bones in adults

A

80 axial bones

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7
Q

How many appendicular bones in adult

A

126 appendicular bones

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8
Q

4 examples of axial bones(found on the central axis)

A

Skull
Vertebra
Sternum
Ribs

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9
Q

Total skull bones

A

22

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10
Q

Skull bones are divided into

A

14 Facial bones and 8 cranial bones

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11
Q

Number of vertebra a adult

A

26 vertebrae

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12
Q

Number of vertebrae in children

A

33 vertebrae

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13
Q

How many pairs of ribs

A

12 pairs of ribs = 24

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14
Q

5 types of bones

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
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15
Q

Mnemonic for carpal bones from Proximal(near head) to distal(away from head) and Lat to med = PALM UP

A

Stop letting those people touch the cadavers hand

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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16
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Radius ulna
Tibia fibula
Humerus
Femur

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17
Q

how many bones are there in a adult handwrist radiograph

A

29 bones in hand wrist

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18
Q

Flat bones of the skull are classified as _ which means spongy bone that is sandwiched by compact bone

A

Diploe

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19
Q

Spongy bone sandwiched by compact bone

A

Diploe

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20
Q

Boat shaped carpal bone (“sca-ptain”)

A

Scaphoid

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21
Q

Boat shaped tarsal bone (“navigate”)

A

Navicular bone

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22
Q

Moon shaped carpal bone

A

Lunate

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23
Q

Pea shaped carpal bone

A

Pisiform

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24
Q

Trapezoidal carpal bones

A

Trapezium and trapezoid

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25
Q

Largest carpal bone

A

Capitate

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26
Q

Head shaped carpal bone

A

Capitate

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27
Q

Most commonly fractured carpal bone

A

Scaphoid

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28
Q

Hammer shaped carpal bone

A

Hamate

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29
Q

Mnemonic for tarsal bones

A

The cab N mexico is land cruiser

Talus calcaneus navicular medial intermediate lateralcunei cuboid

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30
Q

Medial cuneiform

A

1st cuneiform

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31
Q

Intermediate cuneiform

A

Second

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32
Q

Lateral cuneiform

A

Third

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33
Q

Flat bones of the skull

A 
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Nasal
Lacrimal
Vomer
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34
Q

Example of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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35
Q

Best example of sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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36
Q

Means bone from a ligament

A

Sesamoid bone

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37
Q

Bone stem cells that undergoes mitosis; only bone cells capable of dividing

A

Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells

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38
Q

Bone cells that are found in the periosteum and endosteum

A

Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells

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39
Q

Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells forms into

A

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

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40
Q

These are mature osteoblasts

A

Osteocytes

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41
Q

Bone cells which produces the bone matrix/osteiod

A

Osteoblasts

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42
Q

Bone building cells or bone DEPOSITION

A

Osteoblasts

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43
Q

Mature bone cells that maintains the bone

A

Osteocytes

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44
Q

Bone destruction cells or bone RESORPTION

A

Osteoclasts

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45
Q

Macrophages of bone

A

Osteoclasts

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46
Q

Strongest form of bone

A

Compact bone

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47
Q

Other names of spongy bone

A

Trabecullar bone or cancellous bone

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48
Q

Functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon or haversian system

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49
Q

Immature bone that is fibrous

A

Woven bone

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50
Q

Other names for alveolar bone proper

A 
Bundle bone(go for this✨)
or Cribriform plate
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51
Q

Alveolar bone proper seen in radiograph is called

A

Lamina dura

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52
Q

Medical condition associated with LOSS OF LAMINA DURA

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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53
Q

Dental condition associated with loss of continuity of lamina dura

A

Periodontitis

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54
Q

Covers compact bone

A

Circumferential lamellae

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55
Q

Covering of compact bone penetrated by sharpeys fibers

A

OUTER circumferential lamellae

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56
Q

Entrapped PDL (penetrated the bone)

A

Sharpeys bone

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57
Q

Part of compact bone (covering) that lines the medullary cavity

A

Inner circumferential lamellae

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58
Q

Immature bone located bet diaphysis and epiphysis in children that is made up of hyaline cartilage

A

Epiphyseal plate

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59
Q

Shaft

A

Diaphysis

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60
Q

End part of long bone that contains bone marrow

A

Epiphysis

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61
Q

Between diaphysis and epiphysis in adults

A

Metaphysis

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62
Q

Articulating surface of bone (makes contact to another bone)made up of HYALINE cartilage

A

Articular cartilage

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63
Q

Sources of blood supply of bone

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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64
Q

Dense irreg tissue, source of osteoprogenitor cells

A

Periosteum

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65
Q

Lining of medullary cavity, source of osteoprogenitor cells

A

Endosteum

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66
Q

Marrow cavity , contains red and yellow bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity

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67
Q

Site of hematopoiesis site in EMBRYO

A

Yolk sac (Specifically: Blood islands)

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68
Q

Site of hematopoiesis site in FETUS

A

Liver

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69
Q

Site of hematopoiesis site in AFTER BIRTH

A

Red bone marrow

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70
Q

Most critical trimester of pregancy

A

First trimester = organogenesis

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71
Q

Stage: fertilization of egg cell to implantation period

A

Zygote

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72
Q

Stage: implantation to 8th week of development

A

Embryo

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73
Q

Stage: 8th week to birth

A

Fetus

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74
Q

How many days for implantation period

A

7 days

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75
Q

Major site of hematopoiesis in children

A

Long bones

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76
Q

4 Major sites of hematopoiesis in adults

A

Skull
Pelvis
Sternum
Vertebra

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77
Q

Direct bone growth

A

Intramembranous

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78
Q

Indirect bone growth

A

Endochondral

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79
Q

Type bone formation that begins with hyaline cartilage before becoming a bone

A

Endochondral

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80
Q

Type of bone growth in MANDIBLE

A

Intramembranous except Condyle!!!

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81
Q

All parts of mandible undergoes intramembranous formation except

A

Condyle

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82
Q

Type of bone growth in CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE

A

Endochondral

83
Q

Mnemonic of Endochondral

A 
ESPECOLS
Endochondral
Sphenoid
Petrous part of temporal bone
Ethmoid
Condyle of mandible
Occipital (basilar part)
Long bones (limbs)
Short bones
84
Q

Type of bone growth in CRANIAL BASE

A

Endochondral

85
Q

Type of bone growth in CRANIAL VAULT

A

Intramembranous

86
Q

Floor of the brain

A

Cranial base

87
Q

Mnemonic for bones of CRANIAL BASE

A 
"TOES"
Temporal (Petrous part)
Occipital (Basilar part)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
88
Q

Part of skull where foramen magnum is located

A

Basilar part of occipital bone

89
Q

Largest foramen in the head and neck

A

Foramen magnum

90
Q

4 bones of the CRANIAL VAULT

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital (squamous part)
Temporal (squamous part)

91
Q

Most superior portion of the skull

A

Vertex (in parietal bone)

92
Q

Type of bone growth in squamous part of occipital bone

A

Intramembranous

93
Q

Type of bone growth in basilar part of occipital bone

A

Endochondral

94
Q

Type of bone growth in squamous part of temporal bone

A

Intramembranous

95
Q

Type of bone growth in petrous part of temporal bone

A

Endochondral

96
Q

Largest foramen in the body

A

Obturator foramen

97
Q

Other name for hip bone (where obturator foramen is located)

A

Hipbone
Pelvic bone
Coxal bone
(Innominate bone)

98
Q

Type of bone growth in CLAVICLE

A

Both intramembranous and endochondral

99
Q

First bone formed in the human body

A

Clavicle

100
Q

Most commonly fractured in the human body

A

Clavicle

101
Q

Most commonly fractured FACIAL BONE

A

Nasal bone

102
Q

Most commonly fractured CARPAL BONE

A

Scaphoid

103
Q

Bone absent in down’s syndrome / trisomy 21

A

Nasal bone

104
Q

Bone deficient in Down’s syndrome

A

Nasal septum

105
Q

Other term for Nose bleeding

A

Epistaxis

106
Q

Group of blood vessels in nasal cavity damaged resulting to Epistaxis

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus (Little’s area)

107
Q

Growth center of maxilla (controls growth)

A

Nasal septum

108
Q

Malocclusion seen in Down’s syndrome

A

Class III maxillary deficiency

109
Q

Condition where in there are “Absence of cartilage cells” ; targets septal cartilage ~ nasal septum = Def maxillary growth

A

Achondroplasia

110
Q

2 conditions assoc with CLASS III MX DEFICIENCY

A

Down’s syndrome

Achondroplasia

111
Q

Achondroplasia is also assoc with a condition wherein px has short limbs and normal torso

A

Achondroplastic dwarfism

112
Q

Longest and strongest bone in the body

A

femur

113
Q

Smallest bone in the body

A

Stapes / stirrup

114
Q

Strongest FACIAL BONE

A

Mandible

115
Q

Strongest bone in the HEAD AND NECK

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

116
Q

Most commonly fractured site of mandible

A

Neck of condyle

117
Q

Commonly fractured bone during CPR

A

Xiphoid process

118
Q

Most commonly fractured CARPAL BONE

A

Scaphoid

119
Q

Most common dislocated joint in ADULT

A

Shoulder joint

120
Q

Most commonly dislocated joint in CHILDREN

A

Elbow joint

121
Q

Largest carpal bone

A

Capitate

122
Q

Largest tarsal bone

A

Calcaneus

123
Q

Aka ankle bone

A

Talus

124
Q

Nasal bone is aka

A

Bridge of nose

125
Q

Location of olfactory receptors in nasal cavity

A

Superior and posteriorly (superoposterior portion)

126
Q

Nerve in nasal cavity

A

Olfactory nerve CN I

127
Q

CN I or olfactory nerve exits at

A

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

128
Q

Separates nose into right and left

A

Nasal septum

129
Q

Has mucous that traps air pollutants

A

Conchas or turbinates

130
Q

3 bones of nasal septum (“VaPeS”)

A

Vomer
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage

131
Q

Conchas that are part of ethmoid bone

A

Superior and middle conchas

132
Q

Passageways Located inferiorly to conchas

A

Meatus

133
Q

4 paired air filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

134
Q

What is the epithelium of the NASAL CAVITY and PARANASAL SINUSES

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

135
Q

Process: Air cells(fetus) to Sinus

A

Pneumatization

136
Q

Only cells that didnt undergo pneumatization

A

Ethmoidal cells

137
Q

4 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal (3)
Sphenoidal

138
Q

Paranasal sinuses that drains in the infundibulum towards hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus (“inFAMdibulum”)

A

Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus

139
Q

Largest paranasal sinus

A

Maxillary sinus

140
Q

Other name of mx sinus

A

Antrum of highmore

141
Q

Covering of mx sinus

A

Schneiderian membrane

142
Q

Opening of maxillary sinus

A

Ostium

143
Q

Test to confirm oro-antral communication

Pinched nose, exhale gently = blood and bubbles

A

Valsalva test

144
Q

Most common tooth assoc with sinus approximation

A

Lone tooth of Maxillary 1st molar(palatal root)

- no adjacent = Mx sinus ⬇️

145
Q

Tx for small OAC (<2mm)

A

No treatment

146
Q

Tx for medium OAC (2mm to 6mm)

A

Figure of 8 + gel foam

147
Q

Tx for large OAC (>6mm)

A

REFER TO ORAL SURGEON or Oroantral closure

148
Q

2 ways for Oro-antral closure

A

Palatal pedicle flap

Buccal advancement flap

149
Q

Blood supply for palatal pedicle flap

A

Greater palatine nerve

150
Q

Buccal advancement flap is aka

A

Berger’s flap

151
Q

Drugs prescribed for OAC

A

Co-amoxiclav (prevent infection)
Decongestants (so no pressure)
Antihistamines ( prevent possible allergens in nasal)

152
Q

Doc for any upper respiratory tract infection (nasal, sinuses)

A

Co amoxiclav

153
Q

Procedure done to add bon between sinus and alveolar bone

A

Sinus lifting

154
Q

Best 2D radiograph to assess maxillary sinus

A

Water’s view

155
Q

Sinus not seen in water’s view

A

Sphenoidal sinus

156
Q

Technique used to open maxillary sinus through the canine fossa

A

Caldwell-Luc antrostomy

157
Q

Where to access canine fossa in Caldwell luc

A

Apical and distal

158
Q

Where does the middle ethmoidal sinus drains

A

Ethmoidal bulla in middle meatus

159
Q

Posterior ethmoidal sinus drains into the

A

Superior meatus

160
Q

Sphenoidal sinus drains into the

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

161
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus

A

Nasolacrimal duct

162
Q

Excess tears can drain into

A 
Face (tearduct)
Nasolacrimal duct (nose)
163
Q

Sinuses that dont drain in the middle meatus

A

Sphenoidal and post ethmoidal sinus

164
Q

Type of bone formation of INCUS, MALLEUS, STAPES

A

Endochondral (because they are from cartilages)

165
Q

Stapes is from what cartilage

A

Reichert’s cartilage

166
Q

Largest and strongest FACIAL BONE

A

Mandible

167
Q

Only movable bone in the skull

A

Mandible

168
Q

Framework or “Fore runner” of the Mandible

A

Meckel’s cartilage

169
Q

After the formation of the Mandible, Meckel’s cartilage transforms into _ and _

A

Malleus and incus

170
Q

Malleus and incus are from what cartilage

A

Meckel’s cartilage

171
Q

Other name for TMJ

A

Ginglymo-arthrodial joint

172
Q

Tmj= junction of _ and _

A

Mandibular condyle

Mandibular fossa

173
Q

Where is mandibular fossa located

A

Temporal bone

174
Q

Ligament that Envelopes the Tmj

A

Articular capsular ligament

175
Q

Most important ligament in the TMJ

A

Lateral temporomandibular ligament

176
Q

Prevents posterior displacement of mandible

A

Lateral temporomandibular ligament

177
Q

Ligament that connects sphenoid and mandible

A

Sphenomandibular ligament

178
Q

Attachement for sphenomandibular ligament

A

Lingula

179
Q

Ligament that connects styloid process of temporal bone and the mandible

A

Stylomandibular ligament

180
Q

Biconcave disc made up of fibrocartilage serves as cushion between mn condyle and mn fossa

A

Articular disc or meniscus

181
Q

How many synovial cavity in the Mandible

A

2 synovial cavities (sup and inf compartments)

182
Q

Divides the tmj to superior and inferior compartments or synovial cavity

A

Articular disc or meniscus

183
Q

Movts in the inferior compartment of the tmj

A

Hinge movt - Limited mouth opening

184
Q

Movts in superior compartment of Tmj

A

Sliding - protrusin, retrusion, rotation and benneth movement
Excessive mouth opening

185
Q

Maximum mouth opening

A

40-60mm

186
Q

Side to side movement of mandible

A

Benneth movement

187
Q

Posterior portion of articular disc; highly vascularized and innervated, CAUSE OF TMD

A

Retrodiscal disc

188
Q

Thinnest portion of articular disc or meniscus

A

Middle portion

189
Q

Between condyle and coronoid process

A

Mandibular notch

190
Q

Attachment for temporalis muscle

A

Coronoid process

191
Q

Where is mental foramen located

A

Located between 1st and 2nd PM

192
Q

Exit for mental nerve

A

Mental foramen

193
Q

Entry for IAN

A

Mandibular foramen

194
Q

Origin of Lateral pterygoid muscle

A

Lateral portion of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone

195
Q

Insertion of LPM

A

Neck of condyle

196
Q

Action of LPM

A

Moves condyle DOWNWARD, FORWARD, MEDIAL

197
Q

In a right condylar neck fracture, where is the deviation during opening?

A 
Right side (Same side of fracture) 
-- because of Left LPM pushes mn to the right(opp side)
198
Q

Extrinsic muscle of tongue innervated by CN XII hypoglossal nerve

A

Genioglossus

199
Q

Deviation of tongue to the RIGHT, what nerve is damaged?

A

Right hypoglossal nerve (same side)

200
Q

Articular disc is seen in 3 joints

A

TMJ
Sternoclavicular jount
Knee joint

201
Q

Unhappy triad (“AML”)

A

Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus

202
Q

Most common torned ligament

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

203
Q

Inorganic component of bone

A

Hydroxyapatite

204
Q

Most complex joint

A

Knee joint

.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER (38 decks)

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