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.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER > 9. Musculatory System I > Flashcards

9. Musculatory System I Flashcards

1
Q

Formative immature cells of muscles; present in fetal stage; func: mitosis

A

Myoblasts

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2
Q

Non striated
Involuntary
Can divide

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

Spindle shaped muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle

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4
Q

Only mature muscle tissue that can divide

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

Striated
Voluntary
Multinucleated
Hypertrophy only cannot multiply

A

Skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Location of nucleus of skeletal muscle

A

Lateral surface

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7
Q

Striated
Involuntary
Cannot multiply; hypertrophy only

A

Cardiac muscle

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8
Q

What type of muscle cell or tissue is the HEART

A

Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

What connects cardiac muscle cells together

A

Intercalated discs

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10
Q

Cellular junctions in cardiac muscles

A

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

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11
Q

Outermost ct layer that covers MUSCLE BELLY

A

Epimysium

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12
Q

Middle layer covers FASCICLES

A

Perimysium

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13
Q

Innermost; covers MUSCLE CELLS OR FIBERS

A

Endomysium

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14
Q

Connects muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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15
Q

Connects bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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16
Q

Group of muscle fibers covered by perimysium

A

Fascicle

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17
Q

Cell membrane or plasma membrane of muscles made up of phospholipid bilayer

A

Sarcolemma

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18
Q

Structures that makes up the muscle cell or fiber

A

Myofibrils

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19
Q

Structures that makes up myofibrils

A

Myofilaments

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20
Q

2 kinds of myofilaments

A

Thin filaments

Thick filaments

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21
Q

Thin filaments is composed of what protein

A

Actin

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22
Q

Thick filaments are composed of what protein

A

Myosin

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23
Q

Shape of myosin

A

Golf club

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24
Q

Functional or contractile unit of muscle; from Z disc to another Z disc

A

Sarcomere

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25
Q

Separates one sarcomere to another
Attachment for thin filaments
Passes in the middle of the I band

A

Z discs

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26
Q

Contains thick but no thin filaments (MYOSIN ONLY)

A

H zone

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27
Q

Passes in the middle of H zone

A

M line

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28
Q

Aka dArk band

A

A band

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29
Q

Aka lIght band

A

I band

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30
Q

Blocks the myosin binding sites in actin (relax muscle)

A

Tropomyosin

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31
Q

Holds the tropomyosin in place

Binding site for Ca ions to allow movt of tropomyosin

A

Troponin

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32
Q

Perpendicular sarcolemma

A

Transverse tubules or T tubules

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33
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

Storage for calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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35
Q

Most impt substance for muscular contraction

A

Calcium

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36
Q

Dilated end sacks of Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Terminal cisterns

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37
Q

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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38
Q

Stored chains of glucose

A

Glycogen

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39
Q

Glycogen is mainly stored in

A

Liver
Skeletal muscle
Adipocytes

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40
Q

Process: glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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41
Q

Maximum storage of glycogen

A

2 lbs

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42
Q

Process: glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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43
Q

When does the body produce glycogen

A

Hyperglycemic state

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44
Q

Hormone responsible for production of insulin (glycogen stored in insulin sensitive cells)

A

Beta cells of pancreas

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45
Q

Protein that binds OXYGEN=red color of muscle

Counterpart of RBC (hemoglobin=red color)

A

Myoglobin

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46
Q

Largest protein of the body found in muscles

A

Titin

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47
Q

Total muscles in the body

A

650 muscles

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48
Q

Attachment for THICK filaments

A

M line

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49
Q

Overlapping thick and thin filaments

A

A band

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50
Q

Attachment of THIN filaments

A

Z line or disc

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51
Q

Filaments seen in light or I band

A

Thin filaments only

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52
Q

Aka theory of muscle contraction

A

Sliding filament mechanism

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53
Q

% of ICF

A

40% ICF

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54
Q

% OF ECF

A

20%

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55
Q

What is the resting membrane potential? (mV)

A

-70mV (-90mV in guyton)

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56
Q

Most numerous ca+ion in ECF

A

Na+

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57
Q

Most numerous ca+ion in ICF

A

K+

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58
Q

Charge inside the cell when it is in resting state or polarized state

A

Resting membrane potential

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59
Q

1st channel to open once there’s electrical current

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

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60
Q

Why is depolarization and repolarization happens? (What process)
Na goes in
K goes out

A

Because of simple diffusion

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61
Q

Na+ influx = cell more + = ____
Wherein, cell from negative to a positive state
Remove a cell in a polarized state(-)

A

Depolarization

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62
Q

Channels that are delayed to open

Opens after action potential

A

Voltage-gated K+ channels

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63
Q

K+ efflux(out) = cell goes back to resting state =___

Change charge of cell from + to NEGATIVE

A

Repolarization

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64
Q

What is the Threshold stimulus to generate an action potential

A

-55mV

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65
Q

Signal that has potential to trigger an axon

A

Action potential

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66
Q

Corrects position of Na+(out) and K+(in)

A

Sodium potassium pumps

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67
Q

Ratio in Na-K pumps (“2PISO3”)

A

2 potassium in

3 sodium out

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68
Q

In precontraction phase, an ACTION POTENTIAL from nerve fiber stimulates ___ to open

A

Voltage gated Calcium channels

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69
Q

Calcium influx causes release of _ in the NMJ

A

Ach

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70
Q

It is a neurotransmitter or a chemical messenger (LIGAND)

A

Acetylcholine

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71
Q

Part of the NMJ where Ach binds

A

Nicotinic receptors or “Ligand”-gated Na+ channels

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72
Q

Na+ enters muscle fiber (Depolarization) creating a ____

A

Muscle action potential

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73
Q

Muscle action potential travels to what part of the muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma and T tubules

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74
Q

Muscle action potential opens _ (kasi katabi sya ng T tubules) which stores CALCIUM

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

75
Q

Responsible in releasing calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

76
Q

Where does calcium ions bind

A

Troponin

77
Q

What happens when calcium binds to troponin

A

Troponin moves tropomyosin away from blocking the myosin heads sa actin binding sites

78
Q

Most important substance for muscular contraction

A

Calcium

79
Q

BEQ: “Cross bridging”

  • troponin
  • tropomyosin
  • myosin
  • actin
A

Tropomyosin

80
Q

Myosin head will attach to actin known as

A

Cross bridging

81
Q

ATP in the myosin head is broken down by (what enzyme) into _____

A

Atp /ATPase/ = ADP+P

82
Q

Immediate source of energy

A

ADP+Phosphate

83
Q

Source of energy

A

Atp

84
Q

Occurs when actin moves towards the M line and ADP is released

A

Power stroke

85
Q

Actin moves towards M line, Z discs moves towards each other, Sarcomere SHORTENS

A

Muscle contraction

86
Q

When does Myosin DETACH from Actin

A

When there is another ATP that binds to Myosin head

87
Q

Detachment of myosin to actin = sarcomere ____

A

Sarcomere goes back to original place

88
Q

As long as there are high amounts of _ and _ in the sarcoplasm, contraction cycle continues

A

Ca+ and ATP

89
Q

This moves calcium back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Ca+ active transport pumps

90
Q

Enzyme that breaks down Ach after it binds to Nicotinic Receptors

A

Acetylcholinesterase

91
Q

Phenomenon seen in dead body
Muscles are in a state of RIGIDITY due to Cross bridging
(Lysosymes digests SR causing release of Ca resulting to crossbridging but no ATP so myosin doesnt detach to actin = muscles remain CONTRACTED)

A

Rigor mortis

92
Q

Causative agent or bacteria of botulinum toxin

A

Clostridium botulinum

93
Q

Prevents release of Ach in the NMJ resulting to muscle paralysis or relaxation

A

Botulinum toxin

94
Q

Poisonous plant
Blocks NICOTINIC receptors (close: Ach cannot bind=cant stimulate muscle contraction)
Resulting to Muscle paralysis

A

Curare

95
Q

Drug derived from Curare

A

Pancuronium bromide

96
Q

Drugs used in lethal injection

A 
Thiopental (sedative)
Potassium Chloride ( to stop heart)
Pancuronium  Bromide (from curare)
97
Q

Other name of Succinylcholine

A

Suxamethonium

98
Q

Succinylcholine is for

A

Laryngospasm

99
Q

Binds to Ach receptors resulting to muscle paralysis

Used in laryngospasm

A

Succinylcholine

100
Q

Other name for creatine phosphate mechanism

A

Direct phosphorylation

101
Q

Fuel for creatine phosphate mechanism

A

Creatine phosphate

102
Q

End products of creatine phosphate mechanism

A

1 ATP

1 Creatinine

103
Q

Other name for GLYCOLYSIS

A

Anaerobic respiration

104
Q

Process of breaking down glucose

A

Glycolysis

105
Q

Fuel for glycolysis

A

Glucose

106
Q

End products of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

2 Pyruvate

107
Q

Subpathway of glycolysis
Glucose to LACTIC ACID
Happens if there is insufficient oxygen
Example during heavy exercises

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

108
Q

End product of anaerobic glycolysis

A

Lactic acid

109
Q

Muscle pain is caused by accumulation of

A

Lactic acid

110
Q

Ph of blood and average

A

7.35-7.45 (7.4)

111
Q

Most important buffer that prevents sudden change in pH in the blood

A

Bicarbonate HCO3-

112
Q

Blood is what pH

A

Slightly basic

113
Q

What happens to pH of blood if theres accumulation of lactic ACID

A

Blood becomes ACIDIC

⬆️H ⬇️pH = ACIDIC

114
Q

Hco3- + H =

A

H2O

CO2

115
Q

⬆️ CO2
⬇️ O2
What is the response of the body?

A

Hyperventilation

116
Q

Other names for aerobic glycolysis (4)

A

Aerobic respiration
Krebs cycle
Citric acid cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle

117
Q

Happens when there is enough oxygen in the body

A

Aerobic glycolysis

118
Q

Fuel for Aerobic glycolysis

A

O2
Pyruvate
Amino acids
Fatty acids

119
Q

End products of aerobic glycolysis

A

36-38 ATP
H2O
CO2

120
Q

Glycolysis and creatine phosphate mechanism happens in what part of the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

121
Q

Kreb cycle happens in what part of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

122
Q

Type of skeletal muscle fiber that produces SLOW and WEAK contractions but is RESISTANT to FATIGUE

A

Slow oxidative fibers or RED muscle fibers

123
Q

Postural muscles are examples of what type of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Red muscle fibers

124
Q

Responsible for the red pigment of the muscle fibers and also carries OXYGEN

A

Myoglobin

125
Q

Red muscle fibers undergoes what type of glycolysis

A

Aerobic glycolysis ⬆️ATP

126
Q

Produces fast and strong contractions but NOT RESISTANT to fatigue

A

Fast glycolytic fibers

White muscle fibers

127
Q

White muscle fibers undergoes what type of glycolysis

A

Anaerobic glycolysis ⬇️myoglobin ⬇️o2

128
Q

Connects ends of cardiac muscle to one another

A

Intercalated discs

129
Q

Which muscle has the most numerous mitochondria to allow continuous contraction (⬆️kreb ⬆️ATP)

A

Heart or CARDIAC MUSCLE

130
Q

What 2 cellular junctions found between cardiac muscle cells

A

Gap junctions

Desmosomes

131
Q

Shape of smooth muscle tissue

A

Spindle shaped

132
Q

For binding of Calcium in smooth muscle tissue

A

Calmodulin

133
Q

For binding Calcium in Skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

Troponin

134
Q

Blocks myosin from binding to actin in SMOOTH muscle

A

Myosin light chain kinase (mlck)

135
Q

Blocks myosin from binding to actin in skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

Tropomyosin

136
Q

Beq: binding site of Calcium in MUSCLE (only)

A

Troponin

137
Q

Scalp muscles are innervated by what nerve

A

CN VII Facial nerve

138
Q

Moves scalp posteriorly

A

Occipitalis

139
Q

Moves scalp anteriorly

A

Frontalis

140
Q

Raises eyebrow ; SURPRISE

A

Frontalis

141
Q

Aponeurosis in the head

Connects occipitalis and frontalis

A

Galea aponeurotica

142
Q

Muscle to muscle attachment

A

Aponeurosis

143
Q

Mouth muscles are innervated by what nerve

A

CN VII Facial nerve

144
Q

Closes lips
Kissing
Pouting(major)

A

Orbicularis oris

145
Q

Elevates upper lip

A 
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Lev anguli oris
Lev labii superioris ala que nasi
Lev labii superioris
146
Q

Caninus muscle

A

Levator anguli oris

147
Q

Longest name

Elevates upper lip and ala of nose

A

Levator labii superioris ala que nasi

148
Q

Depresses lower lip

A

Depressor labii inferioris

149
Q

Depresses angle of mouth

A

Depressor anguli oris

150
Q

Other names of buccinator (3)

A

Cheek muscle
Kissing muscle
Trumpeter’s muscle

151
Q

Presses cheeks
Whistling, blowing, sucking, kissing
Keeps food away from vestibular area

A

Buccinator

152
Q

Moves angle of mouth laterally
Fake or sardonic smile
GRIMACE

A

Risorius

153
Q

Protrudes lower lip; pouting

A

Mentalis

154
Q

Neck muscle depresses lower lip and mandible

Major muscle for GRIMACE

A

Platysma

155
Q

Angle of mouth where 8 muscles meet

A

Modiolus muscle

156
Q

Mneumonic for modiolus muscles:

(“ LLORDD BuZy”)

A 
Lev anguli oris
Lev labii superioris
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Dep anguli oris
Dep labii inferioris
Buccinator
Zygo major
157
Q

5 branches of CN V or Facial nerve

A 
Cervical
Mandibular
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
158
Q

Muscle penetrated in classic mandiblock

A

Buccinator

159
Q

Where to deposit in mandiblock

A

Pterygomandibular space

160
Q

Why contralateral side in doing Mandiblock

A

To avoid parotid = Bell’s palsy

161
Q

Muscles that comprises the pterygomandibular raphe

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

Buccinator

162
Q

Nerves anesthetize in classic mandiblock

A

Ian

Lingual nerve

163
Q

What muscle to incise to drain abscess on pterygomandibular space

A

Buccinator

164
Q

Muscle that closes eyes

A

Orbicularis oculi

165
Q

Nerve that innervates orbicularis oculi

A

Cn VII (7 singkit)

166
Q

Moves eyebrows inferiorly; wrinkles forehead

FROWNING 😞

A

Corrugator supercilii

167
Q

Moves eyeballs inferiorly and laterally

A

Superior oblique

168
Q

Moves eyeballs superiorly and laterally

A

Inferior oblique

169
Q

Elevates eyelids = eye opening

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

170
Q

What innervates levator palpebrae superioris

A

CN III :3

171
Q

Mneumonic for innervation of extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

SO4 LR6 R3

172
Q

Innervation for superior oblique

A

CN4 trochlear nerve

173
Q

Innervation of lateral rectus

A

Cn6 abducens

174
Q

Moves eyeballs laterally

A

Lateral rectus

175
Q

Moves eyeballs superiorly

A

Superior rectus

176
Q

Moves eyeballs inferiorly

A

Inferior rectus

177
Q

Moves eyeballs medially

A

Medial rectus

178
Q

CN III V1

A

Opthalmic branch

179
Q

CN III V2

A

Maxillary branch

180
Q

CN III V3

A

Mandibular branch

181
Q

Muscles of mastication (mneumonic)

A

TIME

182
Q

Only muscle that retracts the mandible

A

Temporalis

183
Q

Only muscle that depresses the mandible (open)

A

Lateral or external pterygoid

.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER (38 decks)

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