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Sociology > Exam 2, Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2, Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of socialization

A

The process by which people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate for members of a particular culture.

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2
Q

Socialization occurs through ______________

A

human interaction

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3
Q

What are the three parts of micro-sociological perspective?

A
  1. We learn how to behave properly
  2. We learn what to expect from others
  3. We learn what will happen if we follow, or challenge, society’s norms and values
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4
Q

True or False

Socialization is transmitted or reproduced in the next generation

A

True

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5
Q

What is the role of socialization?

A

It creates an ideal cultural standard and can help shape our personality

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6
Q

What is anticipatory socialization?

A

The process in which a person “rehearses” for their future career, occupation, relationships

ex: giving girls baby dolls to rehearse their roll as a mom

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7
Q

What is resocialization?

A

The process of getting rid of a previous behavior pattern and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one’s life.

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8
Q

what is an example of resocialization?

A

A person coming out of jail and learning to not be criminal or a person going into the military whose trained to kill when commanded.

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9
Q

What is right of passage?

A

Specific ceremonies and celebrations that mark our stages of development.
Ex: graduation, weddings, funerals

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10
Q

What is Cultural Determinism

A

A theory that culture completely determines behavior of everyone it socializes

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11
Q

Which perspective on socialization assumes human nature is plastic, and culture can form any type of personality or patterned role?

A

Cultural Determinism

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12
Q

What theory is criticized for going to the extreme?

A

Cultural Determinism

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13
Q

What is Differential Socialization

A

A process by which roles determine how people are socialized

-People are raised differently because of different expectations of the roles they will preform

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14
Q

What is an example of differential socialization

A

Gender roles.

Girls are raised differently than boys are because they are expected to preform different roles

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15
Q

What was Kohn’s study of occupational roles and socialization?

A

He studied child rearing practices among parents of different classes.

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16
Q

Explain the results of Kohn’s study.

A

The working class parents wanted their children to conform to expectations of others and were punished on basis of what the child did. (valued conformity to authority)

The middle class parents wanted their children to be self expressive and independent and were punished according to the motive behind behavior (valued self control)

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17
Q

Explain why there was such a difference is the way children were raised based off of Kohn’s research.

A

Parents work experience influences how they socialize children to fill future roles.

The working class had successful jobs when they obey they rules and the middle class had successful jobs when they can work without supervision and get along with co-workers.

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18
Q

what is a feral child?

A

An “untamed child” caused by total neglect and isolation from human contact.

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19
Q

True or false

Sometimes children with metal retardation or sever mental illness can be mistaken to be a feral child

A

true

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20
Q

What principle do feral children help prove?

A

Our biological heritage alone cannot make us into adequate human beings.

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21
Q

What are the agents of socialization

A

family, school, peer groups, media/technology, workplace, government

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22
Q

What is the ultimate goal of physicians and psychologists who research the physical and biological development of infants and children

A

To discover how normal development can be modified by the environment

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23
Q

What is the “Mozart Effect”?

A

A claim that the IQ of young infants and children can be raised substantially if they are exposed to classical music like Mozart.

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24
Q

Was the Mozart Effect experiment successful?

A

No because the results couldn’t be duplicated

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25
Q

What are two reasons to doubt all claims about accelerating the development of infants and young children?

A
  1. nearly all infants receive adequate stimulation to achieve normal development.
  2. children cannot develop faster than their physiological development will permit.
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26
Q

What is stimulus response theory?

A

A theory that proposes that behavior is merely a response to an external stimuli.

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27
Q

True or False

Any behavior that goes beyond what is present in our environment can be a mere copy of the environment

A

False. A behavior that goes beyond the environment cannot be a copy of the present environment

28
Q

Who thought that the mind develops and functions of the basis of cognitive structures and how did he go about this?

A

Jean Piaget, he admitted IQ test to children.

29
Q

What is the definition of cognitive structures?

A

general rules that govern reasoning

30
Q

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational
31
Q

Who conducted the stages of cognitive development

A

Jean piaget

32
Q

What age belongs to to sensorimotor stage

A

birth-2 years old

33
Q

What goes on in the sensorimotor stage?

A

infants discover and develop motor skills, develop object permanance

34
Q

What is object permanence?

A

the principle that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

35
Q

What ages belong to the preoperational stage

A

2-7

36
Q

What goes on in the preoperational stage

A

language learning in early years, overcome egocentrism

37
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

The ability to put yourself in someone else’s shoes
-this is why young children can’t adequately play
team games

38
Q

What ages belong to the concrete operational stage?

A

7-12

39
Q

what goes on in the concrete operational stage?

A

children develop principles that permit them to deal with the concrete, or observable, world
-rule of conservation

40
Q

Which stage of cognitive development do most people never progress beyond?

A

concrete operational stage

41
Q

What is the rule of conservation?

A

a given amount of material does not increase or decrease when its shape is changes.
-a flattened piece of clay and ball of clay example

42
Q

What ages belong to the formal operational stage?

A

12-death (but sometimes it is never reached)

43
Q

What goes on in the formal operational stage?

A

people can formulate and manipulate theories and logically deduce from these theories that certain things are likely to be true or false
-“What if?”

44
Q

What is language instinct?

A

people are born with linguists, universal grammar

45
Q

what are the three key aspects of language

A
  1. mental grammers (complex programs)
  2. Children develop complex programs at a young age which helps them form sentences they haven’t heard before
  3. infants learn one language as easily as another
46
Q

Who takes credit for studying universal language

A

Noam Chomsky

47
Q

Who developed the self

A

George Herbert Mead

48
Q

What is the definition of self

A

our learned understanding of the responses of others to our conduct

49
Q

Who taught the principle of cultural determinism

A

Franz Boas

50
Q

What is cultural determinism

A

The claim that an almost infinite array of cultural and social patterns is possible and that human nature can be shaped into almost any form bu cultural forces

51
Q

Who was Boas’ most famous student and what did she research in New Guinea

A

margaret mead, she traveled to tribes to prove that sex roles can take virtually any form.

52
Q

What is differential socialization

A

How roles determine how people are socialized and how this process prolongs socialization throughout an individual’s lifetime.

53
Q

What is adult socialization

A

processes by which adults are enabled to perform new roles

54
Q

what is longitudinal study

A

research in which observations are made of the same people at different times.

55
Q

what is role performance

A

the actual behavior of people in a particular role, in contrast to how they are supposed to behave

56
Q

What are the two primary lessons from Kohn’s pioneering research are

A
  1. children are socialized deferentially on the basis of parental expectations about the roles the children will assume as adults; understandably, parents base these expectations on their own experiences
  2. socialization is a lifelong process. In Kohn’s sample even men age fifty and older showed shifts in basic personality traits in response to their occupational roles
57
Q

what is the definition of deviant role

A

a set of norms attached to a position that in turn violates the norms adhered to by the larger society.

ex: a proper performance of the role of burglar will deviate form other people’s norms

58
Q

what is impression management

A

conscious manipulation of role performance

59
Q

what is impression management

A

conscious manipulation of scenery, props, costumes, and our behavior to convey a particular role image to others (role performance)

60
Q

who argued that life is a stage and much of the time we spend putting on performances for one another

A

Erving Goffman

61
Q

Difference between role and role performance

A

role refers to how a person would act if he or she did only what the norms attached to a particular individual position directed.

Role performance is the actual conduct of a particular individual while on duty in a position

62
Q

What is an example of role performance

A

teamwork; one parent can’t discipline a misbehaving child if the other parent is laughing at the bad behavior.

63
Q

What term is summed up by the expression,

“after all, we’re only human.”

A

studied nonobservance

64
Q

what is an example of studied nonobservance

A

When you are kissing someone and their stomach growls but you pretend not to hear it.

When someone picks their wedgie but you act like you don’t notice

65
Q

what is an example of studied nonobservance

A

When you are kissing someone and their stomach growls but you pretend not to hear it.

When someone picks their wedgie but you act like you don’t notice

66
Q

Why do few women pursue careers in science and engineering?

A

They are socially defined as male occupations and are discouraged from entering them.
Childhood socialization gives women negative feelings about them

Sociology (21 decks)

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