Lecture 16--intro to human immune system Flashcards

1
Q

5 areas med where immunology important

A

allergies, autoimmune disorders, transplantation, cancer, infectious disease

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2
Q

3 ways body respond to microbes

A

tolerance, segregation, combat

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3
Q

fxns of human immune sys:

A

1) create phys/bio/chem barrier that prevents foreign material enter sterile body sites 2) distinguish self and non self 3) create a memory of prior encountered foreign stuff so later exposure can respond faster and stronger

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4
Q

2 basic mechanisms of immunity:

A

innate and acquired

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5
Q

non-specific defense, respond same way regardless of microbe type (no memory); involves external barrier and internal cell/bio defenses

A

innate

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6
Q

specific defense, individual response designed for each diff microbe, has memory; involves Ab-mediated (humoral) immunity and cell-mediated immunity

A

adaptive (acquired)

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7
Q

what are diff external entry barriers?

A

structural defenses (skin, mucous membranes),mechanical defenses (urine, tears, saliva), microbial defenses (gut bacteria), and biochem defenses (eg. lysozyme)

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8
Q

how structural defenses work?

A

dry salty enviro, removal through dead skin cell loss, hard to penetrate

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9
Q

internal cell/bio defenses kick in when ___

A

pathogen overcomes surface barriers

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10
Q

what are the diff internal cell/bio defenses?

A

interferon, phagocytosis, inflammation, complement, fever

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11
Q

interferon has anti-____ action

A

viral

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12
Q

what is interferon?

A

small peptide produced by virus infected cell, tells other cells to make antivirus; host specific and virus nonspecific

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13
Q

3 diff types INF:

A

alpha and beta (antiviral), gamma (stim phagocytic cells and helps regulate parts of acquired immune response)

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14
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

process which certain cells digest/remove dead tissues and foreign material penetrating external surface barrier

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15
Q

what are phagocytes?

A

WBC: monocytes/neutrophils/eosinophils (bloodstream), macrophages (monocytes migrated into deeper tissues), dendritic cells (close to body surface)

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16
Q

relative proportion of WBC that helps diagnose disease is called:

A

WBC differential

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17
Q

bacterial infection often give ___ in total WBC, ___ in neutrophiles, ___ in bands

A

increase in all

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18
Q

viral infections give ____ total WBC, ___ lymphocytes

A

decrease; increase

19
Q

increase in total WBC also due to :

A

leukemia, trauma, stress

20
Q

decrease in total WBC also due to:

A

radiation therapy, bone marrow disease

21
Q

mech of phagocytosis:

A

1) bacterium attached to mem evaginations (pseudopodia) 2) ingested, form phagosome 3) fuse with lysosome 4) enzymes digest captured material 5) digestion products released from cell

22
Q

is phagocytosis specific?

A

nope

23
Q

what are pattern recognition receptors

A

proteins on surface of phagocytes that recognize characteristic cules in microbes and not in host cells

24
Q

what happens to digestion products?

A

adsorbed and further degraded, may irritate surrounding tissues when there is lots

25
Q

how bacteria defend selves?

A

produce capsular polysacc, secrete toxins that kill phagocytes, escape and grow in the cytoplasm (eg. Listeria)

26
Q

how to kill parasite?

A

eosinophils secrete toxic protein perforate parasite wall

27
Q

how to kill virus?

A

NK cells recognize virus infected cell and destroy by degradative enzymes

28
Q

rapid bio response to tissue damage

A

inflammatory response

29
Q

classic features inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain

30
Q

inflammation overview

A

1) tissue injury trigger release of chem signals (ie. histamine) 2) dilation and ^ leakiness of local BV, migration of phagocytes to area 3) phagocytes consume microbes and debris, tissue heals

31
Q

what does histamine do:

A

vasodilate (redness, heat), increase leakiness of BV (edema), stim nerve endings (pain)

32
Q

what does prostaglandin do?

A

vasodilate, fever, ^ sensitivity to pain, atttract phagocytes and other repairing cules/proteins

33
Q

aspirin and ibuprofen block synth of:

A

prostaglandin

34
Q

use of corticosteroids for inflammation:

A

multi effects on cells, suppress inflammatory chem

35
Q

acute inflammation?

A

immediate/beneficial, resolve <2 wks once cause removed or healed, no long term consequence

36
Q

chronic inflammation?

A

delayed, potentially harmful; persistent injury/microbe, or other condition, slow to resolve; tissue damage, scarring

37
Q

a family of around 30 diff proteins in blood serum, make up 10% total serum protein

A

complement (complement the action of Ab)

38
Q

3 fxn of complement?

A

1) make phagocytosis more efficient via opsonization 2) MAC 3) regulate inflammation/immune response

39
Q

what is opsonization?

A

coat bacterial cell surface w/ complement protein, receptors on macrophage recognize complement and swallow efficiently

40
Q

bio response to external/internal pyrogenic agents

A

fever

41
Q

external pyrogen examples:

A

bacterial LPS, fungal wall comps

42
Q

internal pyrogen examples:

A

chem released from phagocytes

43
Q

pyrogens trigger increased ___ production in the ___

A

PG; hypothalamus (results in ^ hypothal thermoregulation)

44
Q

benefits of fever:

A

inhibit growth of temp-sensitive microbes, reduce availability of nutr. req. by microbes, ^ metabolic activity of phagocytic cells, stim. acute inflammation + INF production