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CSUS Speech-Language Pathology > A&P Exam 3 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common

Glassy

At the ends of bones (attaches ribs to sternum)

Calcifies with age

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2
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

Inelastic

Intervertebral discs

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3
Q

Elastic

A

Flexible
Yellowish
Ears and parts of larynx

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4
Q

Perichondria

A

Membrane that covers cartilage

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5
Q

Joints

A

Functional connections between bones

Muscles attach at and across joints for movement

Types: synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial , and synovial

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6
Q

Synarthrodial joint

A

Immovable
Connections between bones

The bone will break before the joint moves

Skull

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7
Q

Amphiarthrodial joint

A

Limited motion

Vertebrae joints-spinal discs

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8
Q

Synovial joint

A

Most common

More free movements
Encapsulated and contains synovial fluid

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9
Q

Synovial joint types

A

1) plane/gliding: sliding
2) ginglymus: hinge, large ROM in 1 plane
3) pivot: small projection of 1 bone through another
4) condyloid: rocking/gliding, no rotation
5) saddle: rocking/gliding with rotation
6) ball and socket: mostly free moving, movement in every plane-including rotational

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10
Q

Examples of each synovial joint type

A

1) plane/gliding: articular facets of vertebrae
2) ginglymus: elbows, knees
3) pivot: atlas and axis
4) condyloid: jaw
5) saddle: thumb joint at the bottom of Palm
6) ball and socket: shoulder, hips

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11
Q

3 functions of the larynx

A

2 biological: valve (protection for airway) and holds air in thorax which tenses the upper body.
1 voluntary: voice

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12
Q

9 cartilages and 1 bone from the larynx

A 
Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
2 arytenoids 
2 corniculate
2 cuneiform
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13
Q

Joints of the laryngeal cartilages

A

Mediate all adjustments of the vocal folds that makes sounds.

Cricothyroid: lengthens vfs, synovial pivot

Cricoarytenoid: synovial saddle

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14
Q

Epiglottis

A

Midline and unpaired
Elastic
Trap door: folds back to close the larynx while swallowing

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15
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Midline and unpaired
Hyaline
Adam’s apple: largest- anterior part and lateral sides of larynx

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16
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Midline and unpaired
Ring shaped
Sits on the trachea
Specialized tracheal ring

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17
Q

Laryngeal Membranes and Ligaments

A

Intrinsic ligaments and membranes: affect movement of cartilage

Extrinsic membranes: wrap outside of cartilage and don’t govern movement

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18
Q

Terms for places and spaces

A

Important for swallow, cancer, and larynx lesions.

1) supraglottal
- vestibule
- ventricle
2) subglottal
3) anterior commissure
4) posterior commissure
5) glottis

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19
Q

Supraglottal Space

A

Above the glottis

Vestibule: open space at the top of the larynx

Ventricle: right beneath the vestibule, the space between the true and false vocal folds

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20
Q

Subglottal Space

A

Below glottis

True vocal folds

Under bottom of thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

Anterior commissure vs. Posterior commissure

A

Anterior: where true vocal folds attach at the front.

Posterior: where true vocal folds attach at the arytenoids

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22
Q

Glottis

A

The opening between the vocal folds

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23
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Elevates or depresses the larynx

Suprahyoid - above the hyoid bone/larynx, elevates to close the larynx.

Infrahyoid - below hyoid bone/larynx, depress to open larynx

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24
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles

A

Elevates

1) Digastricus: moves hyoid up and slightly forward
2) Mylohyoid: floor of mouth, helps drop jaw
3) Stylohyoid: moves larynx up and posterior
4) Geniohyoid: moves larynx forward and up

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25
Q

False vocal folds

A

Ventricular folds

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26
Q

Infrahyoid Muscles

A

Depresses larynx

Sternohyoid: hyoid bone down
Omohyoid: thin/long
Thyrohyoid: ELEVATES. thyroid cartilage up
Sternothyroid: thyroid cartilage down

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27
Q

Which infrahyoid muscles is the only one that elevates the thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyrohyoid

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28
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Shape the glottis; the vibratory behavior of the vocal folds

1) thyroarytenoid: true vfs adduct, tense, and relax.
2) Posterior Cricoarytenoid: opens vfs for breath
3) Lateral Cricoarytenoid: adduct, relax
4) interarytenoid: arytenoids adduct
5) Cricothyroid: tensor, pitch change

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29
Q

Name the intrinsic muscles that are:

1) Adductors
2) Abductors
3) Glottal Tensors
4) Glottal Relaxers

A

Add: lateral Cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, interarytenoid.

Abd: posterior Cricoarytenoid

Tensor: thyroarytenoid, Cricothyroid

Relaxer: thyroarytenoid, lateral Cricoarytenoid

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30
Q

Cartilage

A

Special connective tissue formed by chondroblasts

Covers bones and is the framework for the larynx, trachea, bronchi, ears and nose.

Types: hyaline, fibrous, and elastic.

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31
Q

3 Parts of the pharynx

A

Laryngopharynx - caudal; vestibule, aryepiglottic folds, esophagus.

Oropharynx - medial; velum, pharyngeal wall

Nasopharynx - superior; velum to the nostrils

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32
Q

Functions of the pharynx

A

Air passage
Food passage
Changes size and shape for speech

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33
Q

Pharyngeal constrictors function

A

Constrict the pharynx for deglutition (swallowing)

-moves in a peristaltic manner, narrowing the pharyngeal space to push food into the esophagus.

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34
Q

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

A

Largest, keeps esophagus closed

Origin: cricoid cartilage and oblique of thyroid

Insertion: midline raphe

Overlapped by middle constrictor

35
Q

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

A

Fan shaped

Origin: hyoid bone

Insertion: midline raphe

Overlapped by superior constrictor

36
Q

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

A

Closes off nasopharynx- sucking and swallowing

Quadrilateral in shape

37
Q

Long muscles

A

Move larynx and velum for swallowing

Stylopharyngeus: dilates pharynx, and indirectly lifts larynx.

Palatopharyngeys: lowers velum, breathe through nose

Salpingopharyngeus: becomes part of the palatopharyngeus

38
Q

Velopharynx

A

Speaking

The opening between the mouth and nose

39
Q

The velum/soft palate closes the Velopharynx so we can…

A

1) impound oral pressure for speech

2) hold thoracic air pressure in torso for vomiting, coughing, etc.

40
Q

Muscles of the soft palate/velum are…

A

Innervation: vagus, glossopharyngeal, and accessory.

Levator veli Palatine
Tensor veli Palatine
Uvulus
Palatopharyngeus

41
Q

Levator veli Palatine

A

Most important for velum closure, forms velar sling

Trigeminal

42
Q

Tensor veli Palatine

A

Opens eustation tube

43
Q

Uvulus

A

Most superior, pulls velum up

44
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

Depressor

45
Q

The role of the velum is to…

A

Close the opening between the mouth and nose

46
Q

Velum closure patterns

A

Coronal: anterior to posterior closure (AP)-majority

Sagittal: superior pharyngeal constrictor(SPC); moves to midline

Circular: velum and SPC meet in the middle
- with Passavants Ridge: SPC shoots out a shelf to close

47
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Contains the Eustachian tube, which drains the ear

48
Q

Nasal cavity is composed of…

A

Nasal septum: projections of skull, bony plate down the center.

Conchae: sides, bony structure.
Turbinates: tissue covered conchae

Nasal tip: tip of nose

Columella: column down center of nose

Nares (Naris): nostrils-fleshy side of nose
Posterior Choanae (Posterior Nares)
49
Q

Parts of the tongue

A

Tongue tip (apex)

Tongue blade

Tongue root/base

Dorsum

Frenulum (front tie)

50
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles

A

Change the shape of the tongue

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Verticalis
Transverse

51
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscles

A

Change position of tongue in mouth - some tongue shape.

Styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus, palatoglossus

52
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

Baby teeth

53
Q

Permanent dentition

A

Adult teeth

54
Q

Surfaces of the teeth

A

Distal: side of tooth opposite the midline
Mesial: towards midline
Buckle: surface towards teeth
Lingual: surface towards tongue
Labial: surface towards lips
Occlusal/occlusion: top, where teeth come together.

55
Q

Parts of the lip

A

Vermilion: colored part (cuspids bow)

Philtrum: line above center of lips

56
Q

Parts of the hard palate

A

Ruggae: ridges on top of mouth

Median Palatine Raphe: line down the middle of upper mouth

Palatal Vault or Arch: arch of hard palate near the back

57
Q

Parts of the faucial pillars

A

Anterior: palatoglossus

Posterior: palatopharyngeus

58
Q

Parts of the tonsils

Lymphoid tissue/glandular

A

Lingual tonsils

Palatine tonsils (level of soft palate)

59
Q

Buccal Cavity

A

In oral cavity

Space between teeth and cheeks

Dysphasia

Lack of sensation: pocketing foods

60
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

Where teeth are inserted into the jaw

61
Q

Skull Pathology of Plagiocephaly

A

External molding- head is being pressed consistently (flat spot)

62
Q

Skull Pathology of Cranial Synostosis

A

Bones of the skull have fused when the baby is born, not allowing for brain growth.

Operation decision threshold at 6 months

63
Q

8 bones of the skull

A 
Frontal
Parietal - paired
Occipital
Temporal - paired 
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
64
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Forms the forehead

Squamous portion and the anterior forms superior eye sockets

65
Q

Parietal Bone (Paired)

A

Forms mid portion of skull and skull cap (top of head)

Articulation with frontal, occipital, temporal, and sphenoid

66
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Forms back and the base of the skull

Articulation with the vertebral column (cervical vertebrae, atlas, foramin magnum)

Articulation with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid

67
Q

Temporal bone (Paired)

A

Forms the side of the skull and houses sensory organs for hearing and balance

68
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Fits into notch of frontal bone

Forms a small portion of the anterior floor of the cranial cavity (base)

Contributed to nasal septum with the perpendicular plate

Contributed to the middle and superior nasal cavity with the cribriform plate

69
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Most complicated

Forms bulk of the floor and mid portion of the cranial cavity (base)

Articulation with all bones of the skull

70
Q

Sinuses

A

Cavities within a bone filled with air.

Skull has 4 paranasal sinuses

71
Q

Frontal sinus

A

Frontal bone
Paired

Deep to eyebrows

Open up anterior of nasal cavity

72
Q

Maxillary sinus

A

Maxilla
Paired
Largest

Base at lateral wall of nasal cavity, roof at the orbit of the eye

73
Q

Ethmoid sinus

A

Ethmoid bone

Numerous and thin walled-nasal cavity and orbits of eye in groups

74
Q

Sphenoid sinus

A

Sphenoid bone
Paired

Above pharynx

75
Q

Ciliated Mucus Membrane

A

Lines sinuses and airway

Tiny hairlike structures

Covers dust and other things with mucus, and we cough it up.

76
Q

Functions of sinuses

A

Reduce weight of skull

Gives room for skull and facial growth

Nasal resonance

77
Q

Pre-op/ Post-op client conserns

A
  • Highly curable
  • Tell patients that they have a excellent Dr.
  • Describe surgery- they will wake up in ICU
  • Stays in hospital 5-6 days
  • Will be fed through g-tube for a couple days
  • Patients wont be able to speak
78
Q

Artificial Larynx

A

Example: electrolarynx

79
Q

Esophageal speech:

A

swallow air and turn it around to use for voice…belching. Some can become very good at it

80
Q

Tracheoesophageal sphincter:

A

pushing air into esophagus to use it to speak. Puncture is made into esophagus so person can use it for speech. Problem: is a product intensive result (cleaning, tools, expensive…)

81
Q

Laryngectomy General care

A
  • Stoma Care: never rub, always dab
  • K-Y jelly if stoma becomes dry
  • Use shower guards
82
Q

Laryngectomy Counseling

A
  • Need team approach
  • Build trust with patient–> so them come back for further help
  • Monitor and facilitate a return to a normal life
  • help deal with diagnosis of cancer
83
Q

5 Stages of Grief

A

a. SLP must recognize the stage and its influence on interaction
b. Some of these stages mean they wont or cant listen to you
c. Denial
D. Anger
E. Bargaining
F. Depression
G. Acceptance
H. It difficult to counsel, but you have to

CSUS Speech-Language Pathology (23 decks)

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