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RUSVM Virology > Epidemiology of Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Epidemiology of Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Epizootic Cycle (Rural Cycle)

A

Virus transmitted between non-wild or domestic animals and the primary or accessory insect vectors

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2
Q

Case Fatality Rate

A

Number (%) of animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a specific period of time

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3
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

Transmission of virus in droplet nuclei that travel less than one meter from the source to susceptible host

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4
Q

Ways in which Iatrogenic infection can occur

A

Introduction of pathogens by contaminated instruments or contaminated body surface

Introduction of pathogen through contaminated prophylactic or therapeutic practices

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5
Q

Incubation Period

A

Interval between infection and the onset of clinical signs

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6
Q

Overwintering

A

Survival of the virus from one ‘vector season’ to the next (period during which arthropods hibernate)

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7
Q

Incidence Rate (Attack Rate)

A

Meaure of the occurrence of infection or disease in a population over time

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8
Q

Dead End Host (Incidental Host)

A

Host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts. Do not develop sufficient viremia to be picked up by the insect vectors

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9
Q

Virus Epidemiology

A

Study of determinants, freqency, dynamics and distribution of viral diseases in populations

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10
Q

Enzootic Cycle (Sylvatic or Jungle Cycle)

A

Natural transmissioin of virus between wild animals/birds and primary insect vectors

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11
Q

Iatrogenic transmission

A

Infection that is transferred during medical or surgical practice

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12
Q

Mechanical Transmission

A

Passive transport of the infectious agent on the feet or other body parts of the vector

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13
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

Usually used to describe infection that is transferred from dam to embryo/fetus/newborn, before/during/shortly after parturition

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14
Q

Seroepidemiology

A

Use of serological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation, as determined by diagnostic serological techniques

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15
Q

Amplifying Host

A

Level of virus can become high enough that an insect vector that feeds on it will probably become infectious

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16
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

Spread of infectious agents by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than one meter, sometimes miles from the infected to susceptible host

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17
Q

Mechanism of Biological Transmission

A
  • Arthropod vector acquires virus by feeding on blood of viremic animal
  • Replication of ingested virus in gut then spread to salivary gland
  • Virions in salivary secretions of vector are injected into new animal during blood meal
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18
Q

Mechanisms for overwintering

A

Transovarial Transmission

Trans-stadial Transmission

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19
Q

Main categories of disease determinants

A

Environmental Factors

Virus Factors

Host Factors

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20
Q

Trans-stadial Transmission

A

Virus is transmitted from larva or nymph to next stage of development (nymph or adult), but not transmitted vertically (from mother tick to eggs and next generation)

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21
Q

Enzootic Viral Diseases

A

Constant presence of a viral disease within a given geographic area

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22
Q

Extrinsic Incubation Period

A

Period from when virus is ingested by an arthropod vector and replication occurs in the gut to spread into the salivary glands.

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23
Q

Contagious Disease

A

Disease that is spread from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact

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24
Q

Inapparent Carriers

A

Carrier state may exist in an animal with an infection that is inapparent throughout its course

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25
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

Occur while an animal is in a veterinary hospital or clinic

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26
Q

Vehicle Borne Transmission

A

Includes fecal contamination of food and water supplies and virus contaminated meat or bone products

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27
Q

Outcome of molecular epidemiology

A

General prevalence, information on genetic diversity and origin of viruses

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28
Q

Surveillance

A

Systemic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health data on an ongoing basis to gain knowledge of the pattern of disease occurrence and potential in a community in order to control and prevent disease.

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29
Q

Bridge Vector

A

Arthropod vector that acquires virus from an infected wild animal and subsequently transmits the agent to human or secondary host

30
Q

Transovarial Transmission

A

Virus transmitted from the mother tick through infected eggs to next generation of ticks

31
Q

Epidemiology

A

interdiciplinary field of science that takes into consideration multiple factors to provide data on pattern, spread, occurrence and impact of viral disease in population and also on the potential of occurrence of a viral disease in a population

32
Q

Exotic Disease

A

Disease not known to occur in a particular country or geographical area

33
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

Percentage of animals in a population that develop clinical signs attributable to a particular virus over a defined period of time (commonly during an outbreak)

34
Q

Convalescent (Chronic) Carriers

A

Animals that shed virus during recovery from disease

35
Q

Transmission cycles of Arboviruses

A

Enzootic Cycle

Epizootic Cycle

Urban Cycle

36
Q

Urban Cycle

A

Virus cycle between humans and insect vectors

37
Q

Decline Period

A

Period when clinical signs begin to subside

38
Q

Mechanisms of Survival of Viruses

A

Physical stability

Host population size

Host Range

Persistant Infection

Avoid exposure to external environment

39
Q

Droplet transmission is an example of (direct/indirect) contact.

A

Direct

40
Q

Prodromal Period

A

First signs and feelings of illness after incubation period. Period of early symptoms of disease occurring after incubation period and before the appearance of classical symptoms of disease

41
Q

Acute Period

A

Disease is at its height, severe clinical signs

42
Q

Types of carriers

A

Incubatory

Convalescent

Inapparent

43
Q

Carrier

A

Animals that have contracted an infectious viral disease but display no clinical symptoms

44
Q

Fomite

A

Inanimate object or substance that is contaminated with the infectious agent and is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another

45
Q

Zoonosis

A

Infections that are transmissible from animals to humans

46
Q

Most viruses are transmitted by the (horizontal/vertical) route

A

Horizontal

47
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a population (herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity

48
Q

Stages of a typical infectious disease process

A

Incubation Period

Prodromal Period

Acute Period

Decline Period

Convalescent Period

49
Q

Types of vector transmission

A

Mechanical Transmission
Biological Transmission

50
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases that occur in a population over a specified period of time

51
Q

Period of Contagiousness

A

Refers to the time during which an infected animal sheds virus

52
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of occurrences of disease (old and new cases), infection, or related attributes (antibodies) in a population, at a particular time

53
Q

Vertical transmission of viruses may cause

A

Early embryonic death or abortion

Congenital Disease

Congenital Defects

54
Q

Direct Contact

A

Involves actual physical contact between infected animal and susceptible animal

55
Q

Epizootic Viral Disease

A

Occurrence of more cases of viral disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people/animals over a particular time

56
Q

Vector Transmission

A

Arthropod vectors carry the viruses from the infected host to susceptible host

57
Q

Incubatory (Acute) Carriers

A

Animals that shed virus during the incubation period of the disease

58
Q

Methods to study epidemiology of viruses

A

Seroepidemiology

Molecular epidemiology

59
Q

Arboviruses

A

Class of viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods

60
Q

Sporadic Viral Disease

A

Viral diseases occurring occasionally, singly or in scattered instances and in an irregular and haphazard manner

61
Q

Mortality Rate

A

Number (%) of animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a specified period of time

62
Q

Horizontal Virus Transmission

A

Spread of an infectious agent from one person/animal/group to another person/animal/group

63
Q

Correlation of epidemiological serological data with clinical observations makes it possible to determine the ratio of

A

Clinical to Subclinical Infections

64
Q

Biological Transmission

A

Infectious agent undergoes either a necessary part of its life cycle or multiplication in the vector before transmission to susceptible host

65
Q

Panzootic Viral Disease

A

Virus epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) affecting a large proportion of the population

66
Q

Transmission of Wester Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)

A
  • Enzootic and epizoodic transmission cycles
  • Maintained in enzootic cycle between passerine birds as reservoirs and its specific mosquito vector
  • Domestic and wild birds considered important reservoir and epizootic amplifying hosts
67
Q

Molecular Epidemiology of Viruses

A

Use of molecular biological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation of viral diseases

68
Q

Reservoir

A

Habititat in which infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies

69
Q

Types of Virus Transmission

A

Vertical

Horizontal

70
Q

Convalescent Period

A

Body gradually returns to its pre-diseased state and health is restored

RUSVM Virology (35 decks)

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