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RUSVM Virology > Replication of Viruses > Flashcards

Replication of Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Nuclear Spread of Virus Genome

A

Viral genome is integrated into the host cell genome and passed down to next progeny or generation of host cell

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2
Q

Assembly and Maturation

A

Assembly of virus genome and proteins into new virions follows a specific order, all components are packaged to form mature virions

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3
Q

Result of splicing

A

mRNA having different coding information derived from a single gene

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4
Q

Burst Size

A

Number of infectious virions released per average cell

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5
Q

Fusion Proteins

A

Found on the surface of the virus, facilitate membrane fusion

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6
Q

Adsorption

A

During this period, virus attaches to and enters the cells, and the titer of free virus in the medium may actually decline

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7
Q

Intercellular Spread

A

Spread from cell to cell without contact with extracellular environment

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8
Q

Replication of (+) single stranded RNA with Reverse Transcriptase

A
  • (+)ssRNA → RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase → (-) ssDNA → DNA Dependent DNA Polymerase → dsDNA Intermediate
  • (-)dsDNA Intermediate → DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+)mRNA → Viral Protein
  • (-)dsDNA Intermediate → DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+)ssRNA → Viral Genome
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9
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles containing virus migrate to plasma membrane and released

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10
Q

Replication of (+) single strand RNA

A
  • (+)ssRNA → Translates Directly → (+) mRNA → Viral Protein
  • (+)ssRNA → RNA Dependent RNA polymerase → (-)ssRNA
  • (-)ssRNA → RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+) mRNA → Viral Protein
  • (-)ssRNA → RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+)ssRNA
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11
Q

Mechanisms of intercellular transmission of viruses

A

Cell to Cell plasma membrane fusion

Passage across tight junction

Movement across a neural synapse

VIral induction of actin or tubulin

Subversion of actin containing structures form filopodial bridges

Membrane nanotube subversion

Virological synapse

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12
Q

Monocistronic mRNA

A

mRNA that encodes one polypeptide

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13
Q

Co-Receptor

A

Additional cell surface molecule required for entry when binding to a cellular receptor is not sufficient for infection

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14
Q

Exon

A

Portion of a gene that encods for amino acids

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15
Q

Replication of double stranded RNA

A
  • (-)dsRNA → RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+) mRNA → Viral Protein
  • dsRNA → RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → dsRNA → Viral Genome
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16
Q

Pore-Mediated Penetration

A

Inject their genome into the host cytoplasm throug the creation of a pore in the host membrane

________________________________

Non-Enveloped Viruses

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17
Q

Eclipse Period

A

Time interval between uncoating (disappearance of viruses) and appearance intracellularly of first infectious progeny virions.

_______________________

No infectious virus can be detected

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18
Q

Steps of Virus Replication

A

Attachment

Penetration

Uncoating

Synthesis of Viral Components

Assembly and Maturation

Release

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19
Q

Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis

A

Flow of genetic information in eukaryotic cell

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20
Q

Function of the PolyA Tail

A

Interact with polyA binding protein - translation

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21
Q

Splicing

A

Process that removes introns and joins exons in primary transcript

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22
Q

Lysis occurs when a viral capsid induces ruptrue of endosomal membrane, releasing viral capsid or genome in (enveloped/nonenveloped) viruses

A

Non Enveloped

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23
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process involves invagination and pinching off of small regions of teh cell membrane, resulting in the non-specific internalization of molecules

24
Q

3’ Polyadenylation

A

Stretch of adenylate residues are added to the 3’ end

25
Q

Type of Endocytosis that uses specialized lipid rafts

A

Caveolin-Mediated Endocytosis

26
Q

Extracellular Spread

A

Released viruses in extracellular environment travel to new cell, same replication cycle occurs

27
Q

Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

A
  • Virion attachment to host cell receptor induces binding of adaptor protein
  • Adaptor protein bind Clathrin
  • Clathrin-Coated Pit forms
  • Dynamin pinch off Clathrin-Coated Pit from host membrane creating a Clathrin coated vesicle
  • Clathrin basket released from vesicle
  • Vesicle delivers viral components to endosome
  • pH of endosome becomes acidic and viral genome is released
28
Q

Intron

A

Portion of gene that does not code for amino acids

29
Q

Capping

A

Additon of 7-methylguanosine to the 5’ end of RNA

30
Q

Receptor

A

Structure on the surface of a cell (or inside a cell) that selectively receives and binds a specific substance and mediates its entry or action into the cell

31
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

All introns spliced out, only select exons spliced in

32
Q

Latent Period

A

Time before new infectious virus appears in the medium

_________________________

No extracellular virions detected

33
Q

pH Independent Fusion Proteins

A
  • Fusion protein catalyzes membrane fusion at the cell surface at neutral pH
  • Viral nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm
34
Q

Functions of the 5’ Cap

A

Adds stability to the mRNA

Binding of mRNA to ribosomes

Marks mRNA as self

35
Q

Permissive Cell

A

Cell in which a virus is able to replicate

36
Q

Replication of (-) single strand RNA

A
  • (-)ssRNA → RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+) mRNA → Viral Protein
  • (-)ssRNA → RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+) ssRNA → RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (-)ssRNA → Viral genome
37
Q

Non-Permissive Cell

A

Cells in which a factor or factors necessary to viral replication is not present or one detrimental to viral replication is present

38
Q

Surface Fusion

A

Enveloped virus fuses with the surface of the host cell, the viral glycoproteins are retained on the cell surface and since they are antigenic the cell becomes a target for immune response

39
Q

Antibody Mediated Penetration

A
  • Virus enters the macrophage by attachment of its spike proteins to the CD13 receptor
  • Antibodies against spike protein cannot clear the virus from the host - antibodies bind to spike proteins and facilitate entry of virus into host cell through IgG-Fcy receptor
40
Q

Replication of single stranded DNA

A
  • (+)ssDNA Strand → DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase → dsDNA Intermediate
  • (-)dsDNA Intermediate → DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+) mRNA → Viral Protein
  • (-) dsDNA Intermediate → DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase → (+)ssDNA → Viral Genome
41
Q

Enveloped virions release progeny virions by

A

Budding

42
Q

Replication of double stranded DNA with Reverse Transcriptase

A
  • dsDNA → (+) ssRNA → RNA dependent DNA polymerase → (-)ssRNA → DNA dependent DNA polymerase → (-) dsDNA → DNA dependent RNA polymerase → (+)mRNA → Viral Protein
43
Q

Enveloped viruses can penetrate the host cell by

A

Surface Fusion

44
Q

Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

A
  • Antibody binds antigens on the surface of the target cell
  • Fc receptors on NK cell recognize bound antibody
  • Cross-linking of Fc receptors signals the NK cell to kill the target cell
  • Target cell dies by apoptosis
45
Q

T/F: Viruses multiply by division

A

False

___________________________

Viruses do not have the genetic capability to muliply by divison

46
Q

Naked Virions release progeny virions by

A

Lysis of host cell

47
Q

Uncoating

A

Release of viral genome in host cell

48
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

mRNA that encodes several polypeptides

49
Q

Some (enveloped/nonenveloped) viruses induce local permeabilization of host endosomal membrane to allow virus capsid penetration into the cytoplasm

A

Non Enveloped

50
Q

Penetration of the virus into the host cell typically occurs by

A

Endocytosis

51
Q

pH Dependent Fusion Proteins

A
  • Low pH in endosome promotes fusion of envelope with endosomal membrane
  • Lysis of nucleocapsid by lysosomal proteases and release of viral genome
52
Q

Replication of double stranded DNA viral genome

A
  • (-)dsDNA Strand → DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase → (+) RNA → Viral Protein
  • (+) and (-) dsDNA Strand → DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase → dsDNA → Viral Genome
53
Q

Constitutive Splicing

A

Every intron is spliced out and every exon is spliced in

54
Q

Surface membrane fusion of enveloped viruses results in

A

Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

55
Q

Assembly and Maturation can take place in

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm or Plasma/Cell Membrane

56
Q

Fusion of virus membrane with host endosomal membrane releases the viral genome in (enveloped/nonenveloped) viruses

A

Enveloped

57
Q

Caps are synthesized from what sources

A

Host Cell Enzymes

Viral Enzymes

Cap Snatching - from host mRNA

RUSVM Virology (35 decks)

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