13: Intro to Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

When should you try to aspirate from a lesion?

A

Very solid, internal lymph nodes

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2
Q

Why masses should you not aspirate from?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, thyroids, +/- bone

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3
Q

Why should you only use a needle for vascular masses and lymph nodes?

A

Reduce blood contamination

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4
Q

Why should you use continuous suction for a spindle cell tumour?

A

May not get good cellularity

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5
Q

Why should you use intermittent suction for internal masses?

A

Risk of laceration

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6
Q

How many lymph nodes should you sample?

A

More than 2, not mandibular

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7
Q

What should you check before aspirating liver/spleen?

A

Platelets/coagulation

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8
Q

WHy shouldn’t you aspirate an adrenal mass?

A

Mass adrenaline release

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9
Q

Why shouldn’t you aspirate carcinomas esp prostate, bladder?

A

Seeding

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10
Q

Which type of neoplasia has especially delicate cells?

A

Lymphoma

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11
Q

Why tumours are unlikely to exfoliate for an impression/swab smear?

A

Mesenchymal tumours/fibrous tissues

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12
Q

How can you prepare a biopsy from the GI tract?

A

Squash

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13
Q

What’s a problem with scraping?

A

Often just get debris or inflammation, but can get Demodex or Cryptococcus

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14
Q

Which tubes should you use for fluid samples?

A

EDTA and plain

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15
Q

What may you do with a fluid if it is less cellular?

A

Centrifuge or make a buffy coat preparation

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16
Q

What’s the problem with Diff Quik?

A

Does not always stain mast cells

17
Q

Where do you see degenerate neutrophils?

A

Tissue not blood

18
Q

What causes degenerate neutrophils?

A

Bacterial toxins break down the nuclear membrane causing it to swell

19
Q

What should you look for if you see degenerate neutrophils?

A

Intracellular cocci

20
Q

What are the three types of non-inflammatory cells?

A

Round, epithelial, mesenchmal

21
Q

What do round cells look like?

A

Individual, distinct borders, efoliate readily, round to oval

22
Q

What are four examples of round cells?

A

Mast, plasma, lymphocyte, histiocytoma

23
Q

What do epithelial cells look like?

A

Clustered, distinct borders, variable exfoliation, round to polygonal, round nucleus

24
Q

What do mesenchymal (spindle) cells look like?

A

Individual or loosely clustered, wispy borders, poor exfoliation, oval to fusiform, oval to elongated nucleus

25
Q

Where can you see low numbers or spindle cells?

A

Fibrosis/fibroplasia

26
Q

What are the five criteria of malignancy?

A

Pleomorphism, increased N:C ratio, nucleolar changes, multinucleation, abnormal mitotic figures

27
Q

Which organ is multinucleation normal?

A

Liver

28
Q

How many of the criteria do you need for a malignant neoplasia?

A

3 or more

29
Q

Below three of the criteria, what could the tissue be?

A

Benign, hyperplastic, dysplastic

30
Q

Which changes does inflammation lead to?

A

Dysplasia

31
Q

What do damaged cells look like on histo?

A

No cytoplasm, pale chromatin, prominent nucleoli

32
Q

Which malignant tumours can look benign?

A

Anal sac adenocarcinoma, thyroid, adrenal

33
Q

When do you see pleomorphic lymph nodes?

A

Non-neoplastic reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (lymphoma is monomorphic)