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FMP1 A&P > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Before what week of gestation is there no anatomical difference between male and female embryos?

A

7th week

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2
Q

Name the male gonad

A

Testes

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3
Q

What does the testes produce and where do they lie within the male reproductive system?

A

The tests produce sperm and lie within the scrotum

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4
Q

Sperm is delivered to the exterior through a system of ducts:

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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5
Q

Name the accessory sex glands (3) What do they do?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

Empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation

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6
Q

Describe the scrotum

A

Sac of skin that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis. Contains paired testicles separated by a midline septum.

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7
Q

The scrotum’s external positioning keeps the testes how many degrees C lower than core body temp? Why?

A

2-3 degrees Celsius.

For sperm production

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8
Q

What two muscles keep intrascrotal temperature at a constant?

A

dartos and cremaster

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9
Q

Describe the dartos intrascrotal muscle

A

smooth muscle that contracts in response to cold

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10
Q

Describe the cremaster intrascrotal muscle

A

muscle that elevates the testes

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11
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Produce and store gametes (spermatazoa) and male sex hormones (testosterone)

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12
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules in the testes do?

A

Produce the sperm, converge to form the tubulus rectus

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13
Q

When sperm leaves the testes, where does it travel to and stored?

A

epididymus

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14
Q

What interstitial cells surround seminiferous tubules?

A

Leydia cells

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15
Q

What do sertoli cells do?

A

Provide nutrients to growing sperm

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16
Q

What two hormones influence spermatogenesis taking place

A

testosterone and FSH

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17
Q

Explain the process of spermatogenesis

A

The hypothalamus produces GnRH, which influences production of LH and FSH. LH stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone, FSH stimulates the sertoli cells to produce sperm.

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18
Q

What does LH do in spermatogenesis?

A

stimulates the leydig cells to produce testosterone

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19
Q

What does FSH do in spermatogenesis?

A

stimulates sertoli cells to produce sperm

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20
Q

Name the 3 major regions of a sperm cell

A

head, midpiece, tail

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21
Q

What does the head of the sperm contain?

A

DNA and has a helmetlike acrosome containing enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the ovum

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22
Q

What does the midpiece of the sperm contain?

A

mitochondria

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23
Q

What is the role of the sperm tail?

A

swimming

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24
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

Stores sperm as they mature. Upon ejaculation the epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens (also known as vas deferens)

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25
Q

Where is the epididymis situated in the system?

A

posterior surfance of each teste.

26
Q

Where is the ductus/vas deferens situated?

A

Runs from the epididymus, through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity

27
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

where the ductus/vas deferens is cut, which is nearly 100% effective form of birth control

28
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do?

A

produce seminal fluid that joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. Seminal fluid provides nutrition for the sperm

29
Q

What do the ejaculatory ducts do?

A

sperm and seminal fluid mix in the ejaculatory duct and enter the prostatic urethra during ejaculation

30
Q

Where is the prostate gland situated?

A

doughnut shaped gland that lies below the neck of the bladder

31
Q

What percentage of semen volume is accounted for by prostatic fluid from prostate gland?

A

30%

32
Q

What is the point of prostatic fluid?

A

stimulates the motility of the sperm

33
Q

What does bulbourethral glands produce?

A

a fluid which lubricates and neutralises the urethra

34
Q

Define the role of the penis

A

an organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

35
Q

The penis consists of…

A

an attached root and free shaft that ends in the glans penis

36
Q

Define circumcision

A

cutting of the prepuce/foreskin that covers the distal end of the penis

37
Q

What is contained internally in the penis?

A

the urethra and the three columns of erectile tissue

38
Q

Name the 3 erectile tissues in the penis

A
  • corpus spongiosum

- 2x corpora cavernosa

39
Q

Describe the corpus spongiosum

A

surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis. Remain pliable during an erection to main urethral opening.

40
Q

Describe the corpora cavernosa

A

two dorsal erectile bodies

41
Q

What is the role of semen?

A

provides a transport medium and nutrients, protects and activates sperm and facilitates their movement.

42
Q

What do the prostaglandins in semen do?

A
  • decrease the viscosity of mucus in cervix making it easy for sperm to swim in
43
Q

What implications does the male reproductive system have on Midwifery?

A 
contraception
infertility
sexual transmitted infections
fetal development 
hermaphrodite
male neonate
44
Q

What forms of contraception is progesterone found in?

A

Pill, injection, coil, implant

45
Q

What does progesterone in contraception do to the cervix and sperm?

A

The progesterone increases the viscosity of the cervical mucus, preventing sperm penetration into the cervix

46
Q

What does copper-ions from copper coils do to sperm?

A

Spermicide - detaches the sperm from its tail

47
Q

What is the development of the male pill intending to do?

A

Includes progesterone which will inhibit LH production due to negative feedback loop

48
Q

What does smoking do to male fertility?

A

Can significantly decrease sperm count and mobility

49
Q

What can steroid use do to a males fertility?

A

anabolic steroids can cause erectile dysfunction and infertility. Medication use can reduce testicular size

50
Q

What can long hot baths do to male fertility?

A

Impair sperm production temporarily

51
Q

What can wearing tight underwear do to a males infertility?

A

can increase scrotal temperature which results in decreased sperm count

52
Q

What can obesity do to a males infertility?

A

leads to hormonal imbalance that reduces male fertility

53
Q

What environmental and lifestyle choices might effect male fertility?

A

Smoking
Drugs
Pollution
Radiation

54
Q

What primary pathologies can effect male fertility?

A
  • male accessory gland infections
  • immature/abnormal spermatozoa
  • prolonged stasis of spermatozoa in the epididymus or in transit
55
Q

What system pathologies can effect male infertility?

A

diabetes
cancer
systemic infections - e.g. HIV

56
Q

What changes can STD’s make to sperm and fertility?

A

Different STDs can cause varying changes to sperm

  • Sperm count reduction
  • Anti-sperm antibodies
  • Reduced mobility
  • Morphology alteration
57
Q

Urogenital folds: what is the equivalent of the female labia minora?

A

Spongey urethra

58
Q

Genital swelling: what is the equivalent of the female labia majora?

A

Scrotum

59
Q

Phallus: what is the equivalent of the female clitoris?

A

Penis

60
Q

Sex determination of the embryo. At what gestation is gender distinguishable?

A

Week 17

Up to week 14 the penis and clitoris are the same size

61
Q

In determining gender of the embryo. What role do X and Y chromosomes play?

A

The presence of the Y (male sex cell) chromosome and testosterone promotes the development and the differentiation of the primary gonad.
Female sex occurs in the absence of any male genetic determinants

FMP1 A&P (31 decks)

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