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FMP1 A&P > Musculo-Skeletal System > Flashcards

Musculo-Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system?

A

system of bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons enabling movement, under control of nervous system

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2
Q

What are bones? What do they do?

A

living tissue, good blood supply, provides framework, protects internal organs

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3
Q

What does the Axial Skeleton consist of?

A

skull, spine, ribs sternum, vertebral column

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4
Q

What does the Appendicular Skeleton consist of?

A

shoulder girdle, upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle

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5
Q

Describe the structure of bones

A
  • covered in dense connect tissue called periosteum
  • contains osteoblasts - produces new bone cells for growth and repair
  • contains sensory nerves - transmit pain signals
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6
Q

What do bones consist of besides osteoblasts and sensors nerves?

A

25% water, 30% organic material, 45% inorganic salt, minerals,

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7
Q

What two minerals are in bones and how much?

A

Calcium and phosphate - approx 1kg

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8
Q

Describe compact bones

A

dense outer layer, appears sold to naked eye

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9
Q

Describe cancellous bones

A

inner layer, appears spongy, contain red bone marrow

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10
Q

Name the 2 bone cells

A

osteoclasts & osteoblasts

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11
Q

What do the 2 bone cells do?

A

osteoclasts - breaks down bony matrix

osteoblasts - bone forming cells

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12
Q

Name the 4 types of bones

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

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13
Q

Describe long bones

A

long, central shaft contain yellow bone marrow, contains red bone marrow

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14
Q

Describe short bones

A

often cubed shaped, contain mostly spongy bone

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15
Q

Describe flat bones

A

thin, flattened, usually curved. They have two thing layer of compact bone sandwiching a later of spongy bone between them

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16
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

complex irregular bone shape e.g. vertebrae

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17
Q

What does the spine contain and what do they do?

A

spinal column contain a number of bones called vertebrae, they protect the spinal cord

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18
Q

Functions of the skeleton (6)

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • mineral stage and release
  • fat reserve
  • blood cell formation
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19
Q

Name 3 types of joints

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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20
Q

Explain fibrous joints

A
  • connective tissues articulating surfaces of bones, binding them together
  • joints become fixed e.g. the skull
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21
Q

Explain cartilaginous joints

A
  • connected by cartilage

- allow slight movement between bones e.g. spinal column

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22
Q

Explain synovial joints

A
  • have synovial membrane
    • produces and secretes synovial fluids
    • fluid lubricates and nourishes the joints
  • allows movement
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23
Q

What is the role of the tendons?

A

bands of fibrous tissue that attach muscle to the periosteum, the fibrous covering the bone. Tendons enable bones to move when skeletal muscles contract.

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24
Q

How do muscles work?

A
  • by contracting each muscle cell can shorten

- cells work together - thousands of muscle cells in each muscle shortens at the same time

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25
Q

Identify the 3 types of muscles

A

1 - skeletal
2 - cardiac
3 - smooth muscle

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26
Q

What does skeletal muscle cell do?

A

enables movement, contract when required, produces movement and enables body to be held upright

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27
Q

What does the cardiac muscle cell do?

A

muscle of the heart, regulated by conducting system of the heart and hormones

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28
Q

What does the smooth muscle cells do?

A

involuntary, found in the walls of hollow visceral organ. contractions regulates movement of contents of the structure, e.g. food through the intestine or blood flow

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29
Q

Characteristics of muscle

A
  • excitability - able to receive and respond to stimuli
  • contractility - able to shorten and thicken
  • extensibility - able to stretch
  • elasticity - able to return to original shape after contraction or extension
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30
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system do?

A

provides an internal framework for the body, protects organs by enclosure, anchors skeletal muscles so that muscle contraction can cause movement

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31
Q

How many bones does the human skeleton contain? Which of these are appendicular and axial bones?

A

206
appendicular - 126
axial - 80

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32
Q

What are the two strong and supportive tissues that form the skeleton?

A

cartilage and bone

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33
Q

What is the embryonic skeleton made of? then, as a child?

A

primarily made of hyaline cartilage, and as a young child this is replaced by bone tissue

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34
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A
  • 25% water
  • 25% cells
  • 50% mineral salts
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35
Q

What gives their hardness?

A

calcium salts

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36
Q

What gives bones flexibility and tensile strength?

A

organic parts, especially the collagen fibres

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37
Q

What are osteoblast bone cells?

A

bone forming (building) cells

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38
Q

What are osteoclast bone cells?

A

bone destroying (cleaning) cells

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39
Q

Describe compact bone

A

dense and looks smooth

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40
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

composed of small needle-like pieces of bone and lots of open spaces.

41
Q

Explain the function of ‘support’ of the skeleton

A

bones support the soft tissue and provide attachment sites for muscles, thereby serving as a structural framework for the body

42
Q

Explain the function of ‘protection’ of the skeleton

A

bones are a protective layer to the body’s internal organs

43
Q

Explain the function of ‘movement’ of the skeleton

A

bones assist skeletal muscles to produce movement

44
Q

Explain the function of ‘mineral storage and release’ of the skeleton

A

bones store and release several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus to help maintain mineral homeostasis

45
Q

Explain the function of ‘fat reserve’ of the skeleton

A

yellow marrow of adult bones serve as a site for fat storage

46
Q

Explain the function of ‘blood cell formation’ of the skeleton

A

haematopoiesis - blood cell formation, occurs in the red marrow of certain bones

47
Q

What is essential for bone homeostasis?

A

certain minerals and vitamins are essential for bone remodelling and maintenance

48
Q

What mineral and stored in bone tissue for homeostasis?

A 
calcium 
phosphorus
magnesium
boron
manganese
49
Q

What vitamins are stored for homeostasis?

A

A, C & D

50
Q

Give example of long bones

A

All the bones of the limbs expect for wrists and ankles

51
Q

Give examples of short bones

A

wrists and ankles

52
Q

Give examples of flat bones

A

skull, rib cage, sternum

53
Q

Give examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae of the spinal column and pelvis

54
Q

What makes up most of the bones length and is composed of compact bone?

A

the diaphysis

55
Q

What is the diaphysis covered and protected by?

A

by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum

56
Q

What secures the periosteum to the underlying bone?

A

sharpey’s fibres (connective tissue fibres)

57
Q

What is situated at the end of the long bone? and what does it consist of?

A

epiphysis consist of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing and area filled with spongy bone

58
Q

What covers the external surface of the epiphysis?

A

articular cartilage

59
Q

Explain to use of epiphyseal plates? What happens at the end of puberty?

A

They cause the lengthwise growth of a long bone. When puberty ends, hormones stop long bone growth, epiphyseal plates have been completely replaced by bone tissue, leaving the epiphyseal lines to mark their previous location

60
Q

Describe the articulating cartilage

A

The articular cartilage is glassy hyaline cartilage, it provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces

61
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscle?

A

to maintain posture and carry out voluntary movement

62
Q

What is the length of the largest muscle fibres?

A

up to 1 foot

63
Q

Describe muscle fibres?

A

huge, cigar shaped multinucleate cells

64
Q

Each muscle fibre is enclosed in a delicate connective tissue sheath called…

A

endomysium

65
Q

Several sheathed fibres (endomysium) are then wrapped by a courser fibrous membrane …?… to form a bundle of fibres

A

perimysium

66
Q

Name the bundle of fibres. (Those enclosed in endomysium and perimysium)

A

fasicle

67
Q

What attaches the muscle to the bone?

A

epimysia blends together into strong cord-like tendons which attach muscle to bone

68
Q

What factors may cause muscle strength and size to differ?

A

exercise, nutrition, gender, genetics

69
Q

What does it mean to say a muscle is attached ‘directly’ to the bone?

A

the epimysium of the muscle fuses to the direct periosteum, the fibrous membrane covering the bone

70
Q

What does it mean to say a muscle is attached ‘indirectly’ to the bone?

A

the epimysium extends past the muscle as a tendon and attaches to the bone

71
Q

Explain ‘muscle tone’

A

This is a state of continuos partial contraction. Even when muscle is relaxed some fibres are contracting. The contraction is not visible, but is necessary to remain firm, healthy and constantly ready for action

72
Q

Explain skeletal muscle function in connection to the nervous system

A

muscle cells have the ability to receive and respond to stimulus, they contract when stimulated from the nervous system

73
Q

Define muscle ‘extensibility’

A

allows muscle cells to strethc

74
Q

Define muscle ‘elasticity’

A

their ability to recoil and resume resting length

75
Q

What is a by product of muscle activity?

A

generation of body heat

76
Q

What is used to power muscle contraction?

A

ATP - energy

77
Q

How much of ATP escapes as heat from muscle contracting?

A

3/4

78
Q

What percentage does skeletal muscle account for body mass?

A

40%

79
Q

Skeletal muscle is the muscle type most responsible for heat production. True or False? Why?

A

True. because it makes up 40% of the body’s mass

80
Q

Describe the tendons

A

tough and durable to cross bony projections and not tear

81
Q

Describe the ligaments

A

dense, strong, flexible bands of fibrous tissue that binds bones to other bones and provides stability.

82
Q

Briefly explain muscle movement in relation to the origin and insertion

A

All skeletal muscles are attached to a bone or connective tissue in TWO points. One being the ORIGIN that’s attached to the immoveable or less moveable bone. Two being the INSERTION is attached to the moveable bone, so that when the muscle contracts the insertion moves towards to origin

83
Q

What are the classifications of joints?

A

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

84
Q

Define the joint classification: synarthroses

A

immoveable joints

85
Q

Define the joint classification: amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable joint

86
Q

Define the joint classification: diarthroses

A

freely moving joint

87
Q

A joint is a point of contact between…(3)

A
  • two or mores bones
  • between cartilage and bone
  • between teeth and bones
88
Q

What changes occur to the ligaments and muscles in early pregnancy?

A

relaxation due to actions of relaxin and progesterone

89
Q

Which joints take the most impact during pregnancy?

A

pelvic joints

90
Q

Define posture

A

the position in which someone holds their body when standing or sitting

91
Q

Define gait

A

a persons manner of walking

92
Q

What does the gravid uterus change?

A

a woman’s centre of gravity

93
Q

What is a lordosis of the spine and why does it occur in pregnancy?

A

effects of progesterone, relaxin and weight of the gravid uterus and contents exaggerate the curve of the lumbar/normal spine creating what’s called a lordosis of the spine

94
Q

Define lordosis

A

abnormal forward curvature of the spine in the lumbar region, resulting in a swayback posture

95
Q

What does increased breast size in pregnancy do to the surrounding ligaments and muscles?

A

stretching of the round ligament and reduce muscle tone

96
Q

How do the tissues prepare for labour and accommodating the fetal skull?

A

progesterone and relaxin softening the cartilage and connective tissue in the pelvis

97
Q

What percentage of women have falls while pregnant?

A

27%

98
Q

What should pregnant women be advised regarding vitamin D and calcium?

A
  • why it’s important
  • what foods are high in them
  • supplements if deficient
  • dose 10 micrograms
99
Q

What are vitamin D and calcium important for (and in reg)

A

growth of healthy bones and teeth

FMP1 A&P (31 decks)

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