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EMT B > Chapter 6 The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6 The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Abdomen

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.

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2
Q

Acetabulum

A

The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.

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3
Q

Adams apple

A

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. Also called the thyroid cartilage

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4
Q

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

A

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.

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5
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

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6
Q

adrenergic

A

Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenalin; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine

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7
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

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8
Q

Agonal gasps

A

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breath’s, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.

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9
Q

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.

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10
Q

alveoli

A

The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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11
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main byproduct is lactic acid

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12
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

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13
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery leading the left side of the heart and caring freshly oxygenated blood to the body

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14
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

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15
Q

Appendix

A

A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

April he layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints

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18
Q

Atrium

A

One of the two upper chambers of the heart

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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily

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20
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage

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21
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

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22
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation

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23
Q

Biceps

A

The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus

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24
Q

Bile ducts

A

The ducts that convey pile between the liver and the intestine

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25
Q

Blood pressure BP

A

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

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26
Q

Brachial artery

A

The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm

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27
Q

Brain

A

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment

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28
Q

Brainstem

A

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration

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29
Q

Capillary vessels

A

The tiny blood vessel’s between arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood

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30
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

The heart muscle

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31
Q

Cardiac output CO

A

A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate

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32
Q

Carotid artery

A

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

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33
Q

Cartilage

A

The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.

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34
Q

Cecum

A

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

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35
Q

Central nervous system CNS

A

The brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

Cerebellum

A

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly find body movements

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37
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid CSF

A

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

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38
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality

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39
Q

Cervical spine

A

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that light in the neck

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40
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Thin band of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

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41
Q

Chyme

A

The substance that leaves the stomach. It is combination of all of the eaten Foods with added stomach acids

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42
Q

Circulatory system

A

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

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43
Q

Clavicle

A

The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.

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44
Q

Coccyx

A

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone

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45
Q

Coronal plane

A

An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts

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46
Q

Cranium

A

The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain

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47
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

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48
Q

Circothyroid membrane

A

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

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49
Q

Dead space

A

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

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50
Q

Dermis

A

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

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51
Q

Diaphragm

A

A muscular done that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

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52
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

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53
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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54
Q

Digestion

A

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

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55
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsal’s

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56
Q

Endocrine system

A

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.

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57
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

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58
Q

Epidermis

A

The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body

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59
Q

Epiglottis

A

A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

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60
Q

Epinephrine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal Medulla that has a vital role in the function of sympathetic nervous system

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61
Q

Esophagus

A

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

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62
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man

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63
Q

Extension

A

The straightening of a joint

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64
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus

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65
Q

Femoral artery

A

The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs it can be palpated in the groin area

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66
Q

Femoral head

A

The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint

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67
Q

Femur

A

The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

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68
Q

Flexion

A

The bending of a joint

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69
Q

Foramen magnum

A

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

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70
Q

Frontal bone

A

The portion of the cranium that forms the forhead

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71
Q

Gallbladder

A

A sack on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

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72
Q

Genital system

A

The reproductive system in men and women

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73
Q

Germinal layer

A

The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

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74
Q

Greater torchanter

A

A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the tie, just below the hip joint

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75
Q

Hair follicles

A

The small organs that produce hair

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76
Q

Heart

A

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

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77
Q

Heart rate HR

A

The number of heartbeats during a specific time usually one minute

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78
Q

Hinge joints

A

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restricted motion to one plane

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79
Q

Hormones

A

Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and Carrie to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature

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80
Q

Humerus

A

The supporting bone of the upper arm

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81
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure of water against the walls of its container

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82
Q

Hypoxic drive

A

A back up system to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood

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83
Q

Ilium

A

One of three bones that fuses to form the pelvic ring

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84
Q

Inferior Vena cava

A

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart

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85
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

86
Q

Interstitial space

A

The space between the cells

87
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body

88
Q

Ischium

A

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

89
Q

Joint (articulation)

A

The place where two bones come into contact

90
Q

Joint capsule

A

The fibrous sack that encloses a joint

91
Q

Kidneys

A

To retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content

92
Q

Labored breathing

A

The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired

93
Q

Lactic acid

A

A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)

94
Q

Large intestine

A

The portion of the digestive tube that in circles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the Colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and illuminate solid waste

95
Q

Lesser torchanter

A

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur

96
Q

Ligament

A

A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint

97
Q

Liver

A

A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate used by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.

98
Q

Lumbar spine

A

The lower part of the back formed by the lowest 5 non fused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine

99
Q

Lymph

A

A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted

100
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Tiny, oval shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph

101
Q

Mandible

A

The bone of the lower jaw

102
Q

Manubrium

A

The upper quarter of the sternum

103
Q

Maxillae

A

The upper job bones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the pallet and hold the upper teeth

104
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, reading, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

105
Q

Metabolism( cellular respiration)

A

The bio chemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells

106
Q

Midbrain

A

The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

107
Q

Mid sagittal plane (midline)

A

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the four head through the nose and the umbilicus to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves

108
Q

Minute volume

A

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation

109
Q

Motor nerves

A

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

110
Q

Mucous membranes

A

The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

111
Q

Mucus

A

The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings

112
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

113
Q

Myocardium

A

The heart muscle

114
Q

Nasopharynx

A

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

115
Q

Nervous system

A

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

116
Q

Norepinephrine

A

In Neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through it’s Alpha stimulator properties

117
Q

Occiput

A

The most posterior portion of the cranium

118
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins

119
Q

Orbit

A

The eyesocket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma

120
Q

Oropharynx

A

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

121
Q

Ovaries

A

Female glands that produces sex hormones and ova (eggs)

122
Q

Pancreas

A

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin

123
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the Vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine

124
Q

Parietal bones

A

The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

125
Q

Patella

A

The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

126
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease

127
Q

Perfusion

A

The circulation of oxygenated blood within the organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs

128
Q

Peripheral nervous system PNS

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves

129
Q

Peristalsis

A

The wave like contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

130
Q

Plasma

A

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

131
Q

Platelets

A

Tiny, disc shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

132
Q

Pleura

A

The serous membrane’s covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

133
Q

Pons

A

And organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the Madullary respiratory center

134
Q

Posterior tibial artery

A

The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot

135
Q

Prostate gland

A

A small gland that surround the urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid

136
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

A hard, Bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lower most portion of the abdomen where the 2 halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion

137
Q

Pubis

A

One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

138
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen poor blood

139
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation

140
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

141
Q

Pulse

A

The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries

142
Q

Radial artery

A

The major artery in the form it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side

143
Q

Radius

A

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm

144
Q

Rectum

A

The lower most end of the colon

145
Q

Red blood cells

A

Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes

146
Q

Renal pelvis

A

A cone shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder

147
Q

Residual volume

A

The air is that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

148
Q

Respiration

A

The inhaling and exhaling of air, the physiological process the exchange is carbon dioxide from fresh air

149
Q

Respiratory compromise

A

The inability of the body to move gas effectively

150
Q

Respiratory system

A

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts

151
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal

152
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Behind the abdominal cavity

153
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

154
Q

Sacrum

A

One of 3 bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five infused sacral vertebrae

155
Q

Sagittal (lateral) plane

A

And imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts

156
Q

Salivary gland

A

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist

157
Q

Scalp

A

The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair

158
Q

Scapula

A

The shoulder blade

159
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shaft of the hairs

160
Q

Semen

A

Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

161
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate

162
Q

Sensory nerves

A

The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain in the body to the central nervous system

163
Q

Shock

A

And abnormal state associated with in adequate oxygen and nutrients delivery to the cells of the body, also known as hypoperfusion

164
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus

165
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle

166
Q

Skeleton

A

The framework that gives the body it’s recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs

167
Q

Small intestine

A

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

168
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity

169
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

170
Q

Sphincters

A

Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes examples are found within the rectum bladder and blood vessels

171
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

A device used to measure blood pressure

172
Q

Spinal cord

A

An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves caring messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal cord

173
Q

Sternum

A

The breastbone

174
Q

Stratum corneal layer

A

The outermost or dead layer of the skin

175
Q

Stroke volume SV

A

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

176
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Tissue, Largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body

177
Q

Superior Vena cava

A

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and just into the heart

178
Q

Sweat glands

A

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin

179
Q

Symphysis

A

A type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection

180
Q

Synovial “fluid

A

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

181
Q

Synovial membrane

A

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space

182
Q

Systemic circulation

A

The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs

183
Q

Systemic vascular resistance SVR

A

The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move with in the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel

184
Q

Systole

A

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

185
Q

Temporal bones

A

The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

186
Q

Tendons

A

The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

187
Q

Testicle

A

A male genital gland that contains the specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm

188
Q

Thoracic cage

A

The test or rib cage

189
Q

Thoracic spine

A

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae

190
Q

Thorax

A

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

191
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple

192
Q

Tibia

A

The shin bone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg

193
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs and one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult

194
Q

Topographic anatomy

A

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

195
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

196
Q

Transverse (axial) plane

A

And imaginary line where the party is divided into top and bottom parts

197
Q

Triceps

A

The muscle in the back of the upper arm

198
Q

Tunica media

A

The middle and thickest layer of the tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allowed the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

199
Q

Ulna

A

The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb

200
Q

Ureter

A

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the Bladder

201
Q

Urethra

A

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

202
Q

Urinary bladder

A

A sack behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

203
Q

Urinary system

A

The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine

204
Q

Vagina

A

A muscular, distendable double tube that connects the uterus with the Vulva; also called the birth canal

205
Q

Vasa diferentia

A

The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens

206
Q

Ventilation

A

The movement of air between the lungs and the environment

207
Q

Ventricle

A

One of two lower chambers of the heart

208
Q

Vertebrae

A

The 33 bones that make up the spinal column

209
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can’t be contracted or relaxed at Will; skeletal, or striated, muscle

210
Q

White blood cells

A

Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes

211
Q

xiphoid process

A

The Nero, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

212
Q

zygomas

A

The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings that sphenoid bone

EMT B (32 decks)

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