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Perception of Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain

A

The unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage

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2
Q

Do you need tissue damage to feel pain

A

No

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3
Q

In people who can’t feel pain what are blocked

A

Certain Na+ channels

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4
Q

What are factors that relate to the perception of pain (6)

A
  1. Sensory input from body
  2. Previous experiences
  3. Cultural factors
  4. Social/work environment
  5. Expectations about consequences
  6. Beliefs, knowledge, and logic
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5
Q

What is nociception

A

Encoding of noxious stimuli

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6
Q

What are the receptors that have a nociceptive function (4)

A
  1. Thermal nociceptors
  2. Mechanical nociceptors
  3. Polymodal nociceptors
  4. Silent nociceptors
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7
Q

What are thermal nociceptors

A

Activated by the extremes of temperature

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8
Q

What temperatures activate thermal nociceptors

A

Over 45 C and under 5 C

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9
Q

What are mechanical nociceptors

A

Activated by intense pressure or tension applied to the skin

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10
Q

What are polymodal nociceptors

A

Respond to a wide range of stimuli

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11
Q

What do polymodal receptors respond to (3)

A
  1. Thermal
  2. Mechanical
  3. Chemical
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12
Q

What are silent nociceptors

A

Truly silent until injury in viscera and in and around joints

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13
Q

When do silent nociceptors become activated

A

Only in the presence of inflammation

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14
Q

What are silent nociceptors activated by (2)

A
  1. Inflammation

2. Other chemical agents

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15
Q

How are transient receptor potential ion channels (TRPV1) expressed

A

Selectively by nociceptive neurons

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16
Q

What does TRPV1 mediate

A

Pain producing actions of capsaicin

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17
Q

True or False:

TRPV1 responds a lot to thermal stimuli

A

True

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18
Q

True or False:

TRPV1 is influenced by changes in pH

A

True

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19
Q

Where is capsaicin found

A

Peppers

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20
Q

Does TRPV mediate or modulate behavior and why

A

Modulate behavior because it is a second messenger

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21
Q

True or False:

Second messengers don’t stay local they affect other areas and go retrograde

A

True

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22
Q

What does bradykinin activate

A

A G-protein coupled BK receptor which activates PLC

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23
Q

What does the activation of PLC do

A

Leads to hydrolysis of PIP2

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24
Q

What does hydrolysis of PIP2 lead to

A
  1. Production of IP3 and the subsequent release of Ca++

2. Production of DAG and activation of PKC

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25
Q

What does PKC do

A

Regulates TRPV1 channel opening

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26
Q

What fiber sends sharp quick pain

A

A-delta fibers

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27
Q

What fiber sends dull slow pain

A

C fibers

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28
Q

Where does nociceptive stimuli synapse

A

On interneurons in the dorsal horn

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29
Q

Which lamina is thought to be all sensory

A

Lamina 1

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30
Q

What lamina are important for pain sensation (3)

A

1, 2, and 5

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31
Q

What lamina do A-beta fibers synapse on (1)

A

4

32
Q

What lamina do A-delta fibers synapse on (3)

A

1, 2, and 5

33
Q

What lamina do C fibers synapse on (2)

A

1 and 2

34
Q

Where do interneurons in lamina 1 and 5 send projections to

A

The brain via the thalamus

35
Q

What are lamina 3 and 4 important for

A

Deep touch

36
Q

What does lamina 1 receive input from (2)

A

A-delta and C fibers

37
Q

What does lamina 2 receive input from (2)

A

A-delta and C fibers

38
Q

What does lamina 5 receive input from (3)

A

A-beta, A-delta, and C fibers

39
Q

What is lamina 1 specific for

A

Nociception specific and wide range of neurons

40
Q

What is another name for lamina 2

A

Substantia gelatinosa

41
Q

True or False:

Lamina 2 is a dense region of local interneurons

A

True

42
Q

True or False:

Lamina 5 receives a wider range of noxious stimuli

A

True

43
Q

Where do nociceptive signals cross and where does it go

A

The same level it enters the and goes up to thalamus

44
Q

What are the 3 pathways that conduct nociceptive signals

A
  1. Spinothalamic tract
  2. Spinoreticular tract
  3. Spinomesenphalic tract
45
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract contain

A

Nociceptive specific thermosensitive and wide range dynamic neurons

46
Q

What lamina does the spinothalamic tract receive input from (3)

A

Lamina 1, 2, and 5

47
Q

What lamina does the spinoreticular tract receive input from (2)

A

Lamina 7 and 8

48
Q

Where does the spinoreticular tract terminate

A

In the reticular formation and thalamus

49
Q

What lamina does the spinomesenphalic tract receive input from (2)

A

Lamina 1 and 5

50
Q

Where does the spinomesenphalic tract terminate (3)

A
  1. Mesencephalic reticular formation
  2. Periaqueductal gray
  3. Amygdala via parabrachial nucleus
51
Q

What is the spinomesenphalic tract thought to be involved in

A

The sleep cycle/patterns

52
Q

What tract is responsible for use experiencing fear at night

A

Spinomesenphalic tract

53
Q

What are are the lateral nuclear groups that relay information to the cortex (3)

A
  1. Ventral posteromedial nucleus
  2. Ventral posterolateral nucleus
  3. Posterior nucleus
54
Q

What are the medial nuclear groups that relay information to the cortex (2)

A
  1. Central lateral nucleus

2. Intralaminar complex

55
Q

How is the amygdala involved in pain experience

A

Processing and memory of emotional reactions

56
Q

How is the primary somatosensory cortex involved in pain experience

A

Somatic sensation and movement planning

57
Q

How is the hippocampus involved in pain experience

A

Consolidation of information from short to long term memory

58
Q

How is the anterior cingulate cortex involved in pain experience

A

Plays a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions and rational cognitive functions

59
Q

How is the primary motor cortex involved in pain experience

A

Plan and execute movements

60
Q

How is the hypothalamus and thalamus involved in pain experience

A

Autonomic nervous system (regulating body temp, hunger, and sleep)

61
Q

How is the prefrontal cortex involved in pain experience

A

Planning motor behavior, moderating social behavior

62
Q

How is the cerebellum involved in pain experience

A

Movement coordination

63
Q

True or False:

Treating pain is difficult because it is not one sensory event

A

True

64
Q

True or False:

Nociception is neither necessary nor sufficient to experience pain

A

True

65
Q

You do not need nociception to have pain

A

True

66
Q

True or False:

Pain is a conscious experience and requires cortical activity for the painful experience to exist

A

True

67
Q

Can nociception occur without the presence of pain

A

Yes’m

68
Q

Nociception is not synonymous with pain

A

Yes’m

69
Q

True or False:

You need to generate an excitatory signal for pain to occur

A

True

70
Q

What does the periaqueductal gray do to decrease the perception of pain

A

Releases a lot of endorphins

71
Q

What happens if the postsynaptic cell is hyperpolarized

A

We do not get an AP

72
Q

What does activation of nociceptors lead to

A

The release of glutamate producing an EPSP in the projection neuron

73
Q

How do opioids effect the EPSP

A

They decrease the duration of the EPSP

74
Q

What do opiods lead to (2)

A
  1. Decrease in Ca++ influx

2. Hyperpolarization of projection neuron via activation of K+ channels

75
Q

True or False:

Depending how hyperpolarized the neuron is we may be able to block the signal

A

True

76
Q

What is the pathway of nociception stimulation

A

Signal sent to special neurons synapse on dorsal horn cross over to the other side and go up to the brain then are sent to specific areas.

77
Q

True or False:

Even though nociceptive signals are sent up to the brain doesn’t mean we will always experience pain

A

True

Neuro (15 decks)

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