Chapter 6

Question 1

Social Deviance

Answer 1

Any transgression of socially established norms such as informal deviance, formal deviance, and crime

Question 2

Informal Deviance

Answer 2

• blame on someone else

* doesn’t break the law

Question 3

Formal Deviance

Answer 3

• affects someone else
• violation of the law
• has consequences

Question 4

Social Norms and Punishments

Answer 4

Social norms and punishments for violating them change over time and from place to place
ex) shooting in war vs. shootings in streets of Omaha

Question 5

Social Cohesion

Answer 5

The way people form social bonds, relate to others, and get along on a day-today basis

Question 6

Emile Durkheim

Answer 6

Theorized that social cohesion is established through either mechanical solidarity or organic solidarity

Question 7

Mechanical Solidarity

Answer 7

based on the sameness of society’s parts or members

ex) farmers, students

Question 8

Organic Solidarity

Answer 8

based on the interdependence of specialized parts or members

ex) industrialized society, intermingled parts working together

Question 9

Punitive Justice

Answer 9

focused on making the violator suffer and thus defining the boundaries of acceptable behavior
ex) interrogations, water boarding

Question 10

Rehabilitative Justice

Answer 10

examines specific circumstances of an individual transgressor and attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him
ex) parol, work training

Question 11

Social Control

Answer 11

set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

Question 12

Normative Compliance

Answer 12

act of abiding by society’s norms and following the rules of group life

Question 13

Informal Social Sanctions

Answer 13

Unspoken rules and expectations and peoples behavior- help maintain level of cohesion and order

Question 14

Formal Social Control

Answer 14

Laws, authority of police officers, etc.

Question 15

How does the existence of deviants help keep society together??

Answer 15

Reinforce notions of what is correct and acceptable in a given group

Question 16

Emile Durkheim’s Theory of Suicide

Answer 16

Proposed that suicide is a product o social forces, depending on a persons level of social integration and social regulation

Question 17

Types of Suicide:

Answer 17

• Egotistical: not integrated into society, believes they’re better than everything
• Altruistic: dominated by group, feeling of meaningless
• Anomic: when normalcy ends ex) job loss
• Fatalistic: same thing day after day
• Anomy: aimed or learned helplessness

Question 18

Robert Merton’s Strain Theory

Answer 18

argues that deviance occurs when a society doesn’t give all members equal ability to achieve

Question 19

Types of Strain Theories

Answer 19

• Conformist: accept goals/strategies
• Ritualist: rejects goals but not norms
• Innovator: rejects norms
• Retreatist: stops participating in society
• Rebel: rejects norms and goals

Question 20

Symbolic Interactionalists

Answer 20

take micro view of society

examine beliefs and assumptions of everyday interactions in order to find the causes or explanations for deviance

Question 21

Labeling Theory

Answer 21

People unconsciously note how others see/label them and then internalize labels and take them as “truth”

Question 22

Primary Deviance

Answer 22

first act of rule breaking that may result in the rue breaker being labeled “deviant”
INFLUENCES HOW PEOPLE ACT/THINK ABOUT THEM

Question 23

Secondary Deviance

Answer 23

acts of rule breaking that occur AFTER primary deviance and as a result of a persons new deviant label
escalation of deviance (hurting animals to killing animals)

Question 24

Stigma

Answer 24

Negative social label that changes your behavior towards a person as well as changing that persons self-concept and social ID, involve SERIOUS consequences

Question 25

Broken Windows Theory of Deviance

Answer 25

• developed by Philip Zimbardo

* explains how social context and social cues impact that way individuals act

Question 26

Street Crime

Answer 26

refers to crime committed in public and is often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty

Question 27

White-collar Crime

Answer 27

committed by a professional against a corporation/agency/business

Question 28

Corporate Crime

Answer 28

type of white-collar crime committed by the officers or executives of a company

Question 29

Differential Opportunity Theory

Answer 29

• created by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
• states that there is an illegitimate opportunity structure that is unequally distributed across social classes (wealthy people have more opportunity to commit white collar crime, and poor people have higher chance to commit street crime)

Question 30

Deterrence Theory

Answer 30

philosophy of criminal justice based on the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits
ex) stiffer parol penalties = less crime

Question 31

Recidivism

Answer 31

occurs when a person who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior
ex) drunk driving- usually arrested more than once for the same offense

Question 32

Why can it be difficult to measure crime rates?

Answer 32

• change in how crimes are defined
• fluctuations in whether people report crime
• improvement in medical technology

Question 33

Michel Foucault

Answer 33

argues penal practices are indicative of how social control is practiced outside of prisons.
*monitor, examine, and order our lives/behaviors

Question 34

What has happened in prisons since the 1970s?

Answer 34

switch from more rehabilitative sense of justice to a more punitive one(punishment)