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Sociology 101 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of culture?

A

A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices

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2
Q

How has culture changed throughout history?

A

EVOLVED and EXPANDED

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3
Q

What does the oldest understanding of culture focus on?

A

The distinction between what is part of our NATURAL ENVIRONMENT and what is MODIFIED by humans

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4
Q

What did Europeans and Non-Westerners begin to think about culture?

A

They viewed culture in terms of DIFFERENCES in people (both positive and negative)

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5
Q

What happened with the idea of culture in the 18th and 19th century?

A
  • A new dimension was added to culture

* The idea that culture involved the PURSUIT OF INTELLECTUAL REFINEMENT

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6
Q

What can culture be summarized as?

A

The sum of the social categories and concepts in addition to our beliefs, behaviors, and practices.
Culture is everything BUT nature

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7
Q

Definition of Ethnocentrism:

A

*Belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others *Tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one’s own culture

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8
Q

Definition of Material Culture:

A

Everything that is a part of our constructed environment

Examples: books, fashion, monuments

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9
Q

Definition of Non-Material Culture:

A

Encompasses values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms

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10
Q

What are some things that culture includes?

A
  • language
  • the meaning we assign to words
  • concepts such as class, inequality, and ownership
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11
Q

Definition of Ideology:

A

System of concepts and relationships that includes an understanding of cause and effect
Non-Material

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12
Q

Definition of Cultural Relativism:

A
  • A term coined by anthropologist Ruth Benedict in 1930
  • Idea that we should recognize differences across cultures without passing judgement on, or assigning value to, those differences.
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13
Q

Defintion of Cultural Scripts:

A

Modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural. These scripts may strongly shape beliefs or concepts held by society.

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14
Q

Definition of Subculture:

A

A group united by a set of concepts, values, traits, and/or behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture or society

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15
Q

Definition of Values:

A

Moral beliefs

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16
Q

Definition of Norms:

A

How values tell us to act

17
Q

Definition of Socialization:

A

The process by which a person internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learns to function as a member of that society.

18
Q

Defintion of Reflection Theory:

A
  • Culture is a projection (or reflection) of social structures and relation into the public sphere.
  • A Marxist version of this theory would argue that cultural objects reflect the material labor and production relationships that went into making them.
19
Q

Definition of Media:

A

Any format or vehicle that carry, present, or communicate information
EXAMPLES: books, posters, Web pages, clay tablets, and radio

20
Q

Definition of Mass Media:

A

Any form of media that reaches the mass of the people

21
Q

Definition of Hegemony:

A
  • this concept is different from domination*
  • Important for understanding the impact of media on culture and for examining how people and societies shape, and are shaped by, culture
22
Q

Media Life Cycle:

A
  • Opens path to investigate which includes textual analysis and audience studies
  • Allows us to see how people create media and the biases involved in the creation
  • How media reflects the culture in which they exist
  • How individuals and groups use the media to change culture
23
Q

Media Effects:

A
  • Has four categories
  • Categories designed by their duration and intentions
  • Categories are:
  • short term and deliberate
  • long term and deliberate
  • short term and unintentional
  • long term and unintentional
24
Q

Media and Stereotypes:

A
  • Media can create/reinforce ethnic, racial, gender, religious, or other stereotypes
  • These stereotypes can be created intentionally, unintentionally, subtly, or overtly
  • Media can distract people’s attention from foundational issues or tensions that need to be addressed
25
Q

Political Economy of the Media:

A
  • Media ownership in the US is controlled by a few companies
  • These companies affect the information and messages communicated to the public
  • Media has a global reach, due to that, American culture can be found all over the world
26
Q

Definition of Consumerism:

A

The belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquiring material possessions.
Media plays HUGE role in consumerism maintenance by use of advertising

27
Q

Definition of Cultural Jamming:

A

An example of overturning the power to the media

28
Q

Definition of Soft Power:

A

The effects of culture, values, and ideas on other’s behavior
has received backlash lately, in part due to the negative reactions to certain American foreign policy measures

Sociology 101 (16 decks)

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