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Year 1 > Auditory and Vestibular System > Flashcards

Auditory and Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

tympanic membrane connects with this bone

A

Malleus

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2
Q

Ossicular chain consists of these three bones

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

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3
Q

stabes vibrates against

A

the oval window

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4
Q

Fluid inside the cochlea is incompressible, which travels through scala vestibuli and scala tympani, and gets let out at this place

A

the round window

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5
Q

The basilar membrane sits in the middle of?

A

The cochlea

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6
Q

What are the best frequencies for each end of the basilar membrane?

A

basal end: high frequency

apical end: low frequency

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7
Q

This end of the membrane is at the base of the cochlea near the stapes

A

the basal end (high frequency)

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8
Q

Sitting on the basilar membrane is the

A

organ of corti

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9
Q

Fluid movement results in these three effects

A

Shearing, deflection, depolarization

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10
Q

how many rows are there of inner and outer hair cells?

A

A single row of inner hair cells (3,000), 3-5 outer (12,000)

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11
Q

membrane potential of inner hair cells

A

-45 mV

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12
Q

Perilymph contained within _______, (high/low K+), and membrane potential

A

Scala tympani, low K+, 0 mV

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13
Q

Endolymph contained within ____, (high/low K+), membrane potential

A

Scale media, High K+, 80 mV

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14
Q

Depolarization of hair cells (move towards the tallest) causes an influx/outflux of K+ into the cell

A

Influx (K+ moves from endolymph, which has a higher K+ concentration). This is a weird exception to what normally happens during depolarization.

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15
Q

Depolarization of the hair cell causes these channels to open allowing ions to come (in/out) of cell

A

Calcium channels open, calcium enters, causes release of transmitter

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16
Q

Deflection of hair cell produces what type of potentials

A

graded potentials (away from resting potential of -45 to -60 mV)

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17
Q

Depolarization is caused from an (upward/downward) movement of basilar membrane

A

Upward

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18
Q

Hyperpolarization is caused from an (upward/downward) movement of basilar membrane

A

Downward

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19
Q

The membrane sitting on top of the hair cells

A

tectorial membrane

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20
Q

30,000 afferent fibers are coming in, what is the percentage that synapse on inner hair cells?

A

90-95%

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21
Q

ratio of fibers synapsing with inner hair cells

A

20 fibers to 1 single inner hair cell

enormous amount of redundancy

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22
Q

Ratio of fibers synapsing on outer hair cell

A

1 single fiber innervating ~10 outer hair cells

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23
Q

Efferent fibers coming from ___ synapse on hair cells producing an (excitatory/inhibitory) response

A

Superior olive, inhibitory response (modulate response)

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24
Q

The type of neurons innervating hair cells

A

biopolar neurons

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25
Q

As kHZ increases, move towards (apical/basal) end

A

basal (recall that kHz is BIG–2 kHz would be considered high frequency)

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26
Q

How to identify inner and outer hair cells from a photo:

A

Inner hair cells: flat hair bundles

Outer hair cells: triangular, v-shaped hair bundles

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27
Q

Bult of information into auditory system comes from

A

inner hair cells-primary afferent receptors

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28
Q

2,000 efferent fibers synapse largely on outer hair cells. What is their job?

A

Adjust level of the system to change the threshold of your hearing

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29
Q

Low frequency would travel down and reach its peak in which region

A

Apical region

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30
Q

High frequency wave would reach maximum vibration at what end of the membrane?

A

at the base (basal)

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31
Q

These hair cells are responsible for

A

tuning the membrane, enables sharp tuning

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32
Q

Characteristic frequency

A

tip of the tuning curve, sharpest point of tuning, outer hair cell role

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33
Q

Phase-locking

A

auditory nerve is firing in lock step with the frequency of sound coming in

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34
Q

Phase locking is a (low/high) frequency phenomena

A

Low frequency

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35
Q

Cut off for phase locking

A

nothing above 1,000 Hz, works for anything about

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36
Q

A click contains broad range of frequencies. Auditory nerve fibers in lock step up tunil a higher frequency at which point this dissolves. This is measured using what?

A

PST (post-stimulus time) histograms

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37
Q

Explain “cochlea sings”

A

The whole cochlea is active, it is called the cochlear amplification and has energy.

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38
Q

This part of ear is important for vertical localization, allowing us to differentiate sounds coming from above, below, front and behind

A

pinna

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39
Q

Works as a funnel for pressure variations of sound

A

ear canal

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40
Q

The greater the amplitude, the (greater/lesser) distance the tympanic membrane moves

A

greater

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41
Q

Most sensitive region of tympanic membrane

A

2-3 kHz, where much of human speech is

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42
Q

No single auditory nerve codes the entire 120 decibel range. How can system respond to such a dynamic wide range?

A

high spontaneous rate fibers- many fibers, saturate quickly after certain threshold
low spontaneous rate fibers-few fibers, threshold beings at higher sound level, takes a while to saturate

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43
Q

frequency analyzer

A

peripheral auditory system

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44
Q

designer to determine what and where a sound is

A

central auditory system

45
Q

temporal coding

A

phase locking, “where” it is relies on this

46
Q

Each fiber first synapses and bifurcates here

A

cochlear nucleus

47
Q

Bifurcation of fibers at cochlear nucleus innevate caudal and rostral branch, and end up in these two areas

A 
PVCN/DCN = dorsal cochlear nucleus
AVCN = anterior ventrical of cochlear nucleus
48
Q

end-bulbs of Held

A

auditoiry nerve terminals, sepcial and secure synapses, maintain tight timing and locking to stimulus (sound coming in

49
Q

End-bulbs of Held securely synapse on this type of cell

A

a single bushy cell (getting convergence of many auditory nerve fibers on a single bushy cell, supports highly synchronized timing)

50
Q

Cochlear nuclei cell

A

bushy cell

51
Q

What happens after a bushy cell integrates signals

A

if can get enough agreement, it will fire an action potential

52
Q

The signal moves up from cochlear nucleus to this next region / level of processing

A

Superior olive, mid pons

53
Q

First site of crossing of inputs of ears, serves binaural processing

A

Superior olive

54
Q

Major binaural cues (2)

A
  1. Interaural temporal disparities (ITD)

2. Interaural intensitive disparities (IID)

55
Q

ITD

A

Timing differences across the ear, predominant cue at low frequencies (phase locking is low frequency phenomena)

56
Q

IID

A

When sound over to one side, generally more intense at the ear on that side. Depends on frequency of sound, predominant cue is at high frequencies (because at low frequencies, it travels around the head/head shadow, so there isn’t much difference)

57
Q

Coincidence detection

A

explains how the pattern of auditory nerve and trapezoid fibers fire. Bushy cell requires the summation of several events, needs some agreement

58
Q

axon of bushy fiber

A

trapezoid body fiber

59
Q

AVCN sends its signals through trapzeoid body and ends up here, containing what type of cells?

A

Contralateral medial superior olive (MSO); contains EE (excitatory-excitatory) cells

60
Q

What type of detection is present in the MSO?

A

Binaural coincidence detection

61
Q

Characteristic delay

A

each cell in MSO (each coincidence detector) has a time delay it likes to receive

62
Q

MSO cell will not fire an AP without

A

coincident input-needs agreement from both ears

63
Q

How does the system inside the brain compensate for delays outside the brain?

A

Arrangement of cells in MSO such that there are different lengths of axonal inputs, axon is shorter ipsilateral, requires precise timing

64
Q

MSO projects (ipsilaterally/contralaterally), and arrives here

A

Ipsilaterally, inferior colliculus (and beyond)

65
Q

Location of inferior colliculus

A

caudal midbrain

66
Q

Processing of Interaural time disparities (ITD) sends inputs here

A

Medial Superior Olive

67
Q

Processing of Interaural intensitive disparities (IID) sends inputs here

A

Lateral Superior Olive

68
Q

High frequency and IID signals in cochlear nucleus make two connections. Where are they, and are they excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Ipsilateral LSO - Excitatory

Contralateral LSO- Inhibitory

69
Q

The Lateral superior olive projects ipsilaterally (excitatory/inhibitory) and contralaterally (excitatory/inhibitory) to the inferior colliculus

A

Ipsilateral IC-inhibitory

Contralateral IC- excitatory

70
Q

Afferent activity in the central auditory system generally proceeds through the following areas. Which is THIRD in the sequence?

A. cochlear nucleus
B. inferior colliculus
C. medial geniculate
D. superior olivary nucleus
E. superior temporal gyrus
A

B. All auditory afferents synapse in this midbrain structure.

71
Q

Auditory afferents travel through the midbrain in the

A. medial lemniscus
B. lateral lemniscus
C. medial longitudinal fasciculus
D. trapezoid body
E. sublenticular portion of the internal capsule
A

B.

72
Q

The vestibular system serves these three primary functions = equilibrial triad

A
  1. Head position
  2. Posture/balance
  3. Stabilization of visual images (fixation point of eyes when the head moves

thus interacts with visual-motor and proprioceptive systems

73
Q

Relative to the cochlea, the vestibular apparatus is (anterior/posterior)

A

posterior position

74
Q

the space between the bony and membranous labyrinth? filled with?

A

perilymph, CSF

75
Q

membranous labyrinth is also filled with this fluid

A

endolymph

76
Q

high in potassium ions and resembles intracellular fluid

A

endolymph

77
Q

two cavernous structures, collectively referred to as

A

utricle and saccule = otolithic organs

78
Q

The receptor regions of the semicircular canals reside in a dilated portion called?

A

Ampulla

79
Q

The receptor area for the utricle and saccule reside in a sheet like area called?

A

macula

80
Q

This hair cell type is akin to the inner hair cells of the cochlea, and is the primary sensory transducer

A

Type I

81
Q

This type of hair cell closely corresponds to the outer hair of cochlea

A

Type II

82
Q

Each of the hair cells has 100 of these modified microvilli and a single one of these modified cilia

A

Steriocilia, kinocilium

83
Q

Movements of the steriocilia towards the kinocilium produce (hyperpolarization/depolarization) of the hair cell and (inhibitory/excitatory) discharges in the afferent fiber

A

depolarization, excitatory

84
Q

What establishes the hair cell’s polarity?

A

Kinocilium (but not involved in the actual generator mechanisms)

85
Q

This provides a shearing force on the embedded stereocilia during head movement

A

otoconia or otolith (calcium carbonate crystals)

86
Q

The hair cells are organized as functional paris along this line

A

striola (so within a pair, when one hair cell is excited, the other is inhibited)

87
Q

There is a (high/low) level of discharge at resting levels

A

high (40 spikes/sec when head it in normal position, 0 degrees tilt)

88
Q

For the sensory epithelium of the semicirucular canals, the force for bending hair cells is provided by what pushing against what during what type of movement?

A

Endolymph pushing against the cupula during angular rotation

89
Q

Cupula

A

gelatinous material in the semicircular canals that embed the stereocilia

90
Q

Function pair organization seen in the macula is not present within the cupula. Why not?

A

All the hair cells are oriented the same way

91
Q

Function pair oragnization for semicircular canals is brought about by the relationship between semicircular canal pairs where?

A

on right and left side

92
Q

Once angular acceleration has stopped, what happens to the force on the cupula?

A

It is no longer present because moves at same rate as head (which is good or we’d feel sick all the time!)

93
Q

Afferents innervating the hair cells have their cell bodies where?

A

Scarpa’s ganglion

94
Q

Scarpa’s ganglion is divided into a superior and inferior division. Which cell bodies go where?

A

Superior vestibular ganglion- afferents from the superior and horizontal canals and utricle
Inferior vestibular ganglion- afferents from posterior canal and saccule

95
Q

The axons of the ganglion cells form the vestibular part of VIII and enter the upper medulla and ___ of the cerebellum

A

inferior peduncle

96
Q

Upon entering the brain, the primary afferents bifurcate into short ascending and descending fibers before synapsing in the _______

A

vestibular nuclei

97
Q

How many vestibular nuclei are they, and what part of the medulla do they occupy?

A

4 (each has a distinct set of inputs and outputs), large part of the medulla beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle

98
Q

The medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF) is comprised of crossed and uncrossed fibers from the lateral, superior, and medial vestibular nuclei, which ascend and innervate?

A

Extraocular nuclei (oculomotor, trochelar, and abducens)

99
Q

What is the function of the Medial longitudinal fasiculus pathway?

A

Control conjugate eye movement in coordination with head movements to maintain visual fixation

100
Q

This reflex serves to stabilize visual images during head movements

A

vestibulo-oculomotor reflexes (VORs)

101
Q

As head rotates to left, the endolymph pushes against the cupula and causes the hair cells in the left horizontal canal to (hyper/depolarize)

A

depolarize, increase firing in their afferents

102
Q

As head rotates to left, increased afferents make excitatory synapse onto neurons in the (ipsilateral/contralateral) ________

A

ipsilateral medial vestibular nuclei (left side)

103
Q

The axons from the medial vestibular nucleus cross the midline and make excitatory synapses onto neurons in the contralateral _______, which in turn activate the _______

A

abducens nucleus, lateral rectus of right eye

104
Q

Some of the axons from the right abducens nucleus cross the midline and travel with the left ____ to make excitatory synapses onto neurons in the left _____ muscles, which activates the ____ muscle of the left eye

A

Medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF), occulomotor nucleus, medial rectus

105
Q

Non comatose patients: cold water evokes fast phase of nystagmus, causing the eyes to move in the (same/opposite) direction to the ear that was stimulated

A

Opposite direction
COWS (cold-opposite, warm-same)
(CSWO for comatose)

106
Q

two phases of nystagmus

A

slow phase-slow conjugate eye movement in the direction opposite to the rotational direction
fast phase- quick eye movement to reset in direction the rotation occurs

107
Q

Comatose patients do not display which phase

A

fast phase (thoguht to be a cerebral reflex, while slow phase involves the vestibulo-ocular pathway)

108
Q

When using a cold caloric test in right ear, a patient with a bilateral MLF lesion displays the following:

A

Appropriate nystagmus in the right eye, left eye remains stationary (axons from the abducents to the opposite occulomotor nucleus that travel in the MLF are lesioned)

109
Q

When use cold caloric text in right ear, a patient with a low brain stem lesion displays the following:

A

Both are remain stationary (occurs because either the abducens and/or the vestibular nuclei are destroyed

Year 1 (48 decks)

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