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Year 1 > Innate + Adaptive Immunity + MHCs > Flashcards

Innate + Adaptive Immunity + MHCs Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

What are two major roles of the innate immune system?

A
  • Recognize microbes based on the chemical structures they express that are NOT FOUDN on human tissues
  • To stimulate the adaptive immune system
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3
Q

What is the difference in the nature of receptor in innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate=pattern recognition receptor

Adaptive=specific receptors

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4
Q

Pre-programmed

A

adaptive immune response. antigen does not instruct the adaptive immune system

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity is organized into what two defense systems?

A

Humoral and cell-mediated

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6
Q

Humoral immunity

A

antibodies and complement-mediated responses

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7
Q

Cellular immunity

A

T cell and NK (natural killer) cell mediated immune response

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8
Q

What are the three hallmarks of adaptive immunity?

A

Specificity, Inducibility, Memory (SIM)

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9
Q

4 major components of innate immune system and their importance

A
  1. Epithelial Barriers
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Natural Killer cells
  4. Compliment system

They have unique properties to serve as early warning system of microbial invasion, react by destruction of pathogen

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10
Q

2 roles of epithelial barriers in innate immune system

A

physical barrier against infection, epithelial cells make defensins (antibiotics/ host defense peptides)

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11
Q

3 main phagocytes

A

Macrophage, neutrophils, dendritic cells

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12
Q

What’s a dendritic cell found in skin?

A

langerhan cell

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13
Q

What phagocyte can’t communicate with adaptive cells?

A

neutrophils

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14
Q

How do macrophages interact with bacteria?

A

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

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15
Q

What are two examples of pattern recognition receptors? (PRRs)

A
  • TLR (toll like receptors)

- NOD (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain)

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16
Q

TLR4

A

recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by bacteria

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17
Q

TLR5

A

recognizes flagellan (allows bacteria to move)

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18
Q

TLR3

A

recognizes double stranded RNA (found on membrane of phagosomes, we don’t make this!)

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19
Q

These cytosolic proteins picks up bacterial products/stress proteins and trigger gene activation steps

A

NODs

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20
Q

This lectin carbohydrate binding protein is present on phagocytes and can recognize carbohydrates on membrane of bacteria

A

Mannose receptor

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21
Q

These are similar to cytoxic T cells (same killing mechanism) but are activated when MHC1 is absent

A

Natural Killer cells

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22
Q

All of our nucleated cells express

A

MHC1

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23
Q

Two receptors on NK cells

A

KAR and KIR (killer activating and killer inhibiting receptors)

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24
Q

Receptor on NK that engage MHC1

A

killer inhibiting cells

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25
Q

Receptor on NK that recognizes stress responses made by cell when undergoing viral infection

A

Killer activating cells

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26
Q

NKs are part of innate immune system, but why might you think they’re adaptive?

A

They are lymphocytes

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27
Q

What are two examples of Killer activating receptors (KARs) on natural killer cells?

A

NKG2D, CD16

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28
Q

Describe how a receptor like CD16 on NK cells works in a typical antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A

An NK cell expressed CD16, which recognizes and binds portion of antibody (Igg) which is bound to pathogen-infected target cells. Once bound, NK cell releases cytokines.

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29
Q

What makes up the compliment system?

A

family of proteins circulating in body fluids, promote elimination of infected organisms

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30
Q

What are the three pathways of the compliment system?

A
  1. Classical pathway-uses elements of adaptive immunity
  2. Alternative pathway
  3. Mannose binding lectin pathway
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31
Q

Intracellular pathogens

A

cell-mediated immunity

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32
Q

extracellular pathogens

A

humoral immunity (b-cells and plasma cells, antibodies)

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33
Q

What is the cross talk between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Antigen presenting cell (APC)

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34
Q

Professional APCs (3)

A

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, B-cells (not actively phagocytic, but produce antibodies)

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35
Q

Which phagocytic cells is not an APC and why?

A

Neutrophil, they do not express MHCII and so do not “cross-talk” / engage in adaptive immunity.

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36
Q

Bacteria are ingested by

A

phagocytic cells inside APC

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37
Q

bacteria-ingested phagosome are referred to as

A

endosome/phagosome

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38
Q

The endosome can fuse with lysosome to form?

A

Phagolysosome

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39
Q

What happens as the endosome migrates to interior of APC? What induces this?

A

Bacterial protein get broken down due to decrease in pH

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40
Q

What acid proteases breakdown bacterial protein?

A

Cathepsins

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41
Q

Where is MHCII complex made?

A

endoplasmic reticulum in APC

42
Q

definition of antigen

A

a molecule that reacts with an immune receptor (antibody or T cell receptor)

43
Q

The important marker on T helper cells (Th)

A

CD4+

44
Q

The important marker on cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8+

45
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and react against?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed by microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi

46
Q

What are unique about antigen processing cells?

A

Cells that express MHCII (major histocompatibility complex class II)

47
Q

Every mammal has an MHC, what is the term designated for human MHC?

A

HLA = human leukocyte antigen (a subset of genes that form a multigene family)

48
Q

What are the three loci that encode MHCII?

A

DP, DQ, DR

49
Q

What gene do you have at each loci in MHCII?

A

An alpha and beta gene

50
Q

Why is MHC a “complex?”

A

multigenic
multiallelic
codominant expressed genes

51
Q

What covers MHCII in ER to prevent binding to peptides in ER?

A

Invariant Chain

52
Q

Little vesicles derived from ER find way to endosome pathway. What is the part of invariant chain still on MHCII?

A

CLIP (CLass II associated Invariant Peptide)

53
Q

What removes CLIP from MHCII?

A

HLA-DM

54
Q

What binds to MHCII on surface of APC?

A

T-helper cells

55
Q

MHCII genes map to what chromosome in humans?

A

6th chromosome

56
Q

When are MHCII directed to cell surface?

A

When peptide binding site on MHCII interacts with broken up bacterial peptide (10-16 amino acids long)

57
Q

Increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with microbes

A

Clonal expansion

58
Q

B cells undergo final differentiation stage to form

A

plasma cell

59
Q

makes and secretes immunoglobulin

A

plasma cell

60
Q

Where to B lymphocytes mature?

A

Bone marrow

61
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

62
Q

IL-12

A

cytokine in innate immunity that activates NK cells

63
Q

interferon-gamma

A

cytokine of innate immunity that NK cell produces

64
Q

In measuring immune response, what are two ways the secondary exposure differs from the first?

A

Kinetics and magnification.

65
Q

Test used to measure immune activation

A

(antibody) titer test

66
Q

How does HIV affect immune response?

A

HIV binds to CD4 on Th cell. Knocks out Th-CD4, destroys downstream and upstream response.

67
Q

This pathway of the compliment system uses elements of adaptive immunity to take place

A

classic pathway

-antibody dependent (products of V cells, which are adaptive immunity

68
Q

Which antibodies activate classical pathway of complement system?

A

IgM, IgG

69
Q

The chemical species that elicits the antibody response

A

immunogen

70
Q

What is an example of certain antigens that are not good immunogens? (ie not good at eliciting an antibody response)

A

haptens

71
Q

In order, list the 5 most effective immunogens

A

Macromolecular proteins, smaller proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid

72
Q

Three important properties of immunogens that influence effectiveness of immune response

A

foreignness, molecular size, and chemical complexity

73
Q

definition of antigen

A

substances produced by microbes as well as noninfectious molecules

74
Q

what is the difference in recognition between T cells (cell-mediated) and antibodies (humeral)?

A

T cells recognize only antigens, antibodies can recognize many types of molecules (proteins, carbs, lipids)

75
Q

Ensures that distinct antigens elicit specific response in adaptive immunity

A

specificity

76
Q

leads to enhanced responses to repeated exposures to the same antigens in adaptive immunity

A

memory

77
Q

which complex class is associated with the endocytic pathway?

A

MHCII (bacteria ingested by endosome)

78
Q

when antigen found outside cell

A

MHCII

79
Q

which complex class is associated with the exocytic pathway?

A

MHCI (brings peptide from cytosol to ER lumen)

80
Q

when antigen found inside cell

A

MHCI (virus infects cell and produces viral proteins INSIDE the cell)

81
Q

major pathway for breakdown of viral proteins

A

ubiquitination

82
Q

scaffolding protein, made by all of our cells, binds to viral proteins and tags them for destruction

A

ubiquitin

83
Q

where viral proteins get broken down inside cell

A

proteosome

84
Q

2 important properties of proteosome

A

1) tube-like structure

2) contains proteolytic enzymes that point interior of tube

85
Q

Where are MHCI molecules synthesized and found?

A

In lumen of ER

86
Q

MHCII and peptide (on APC) interact with which cell?

A

T helper cell

87
Q

MHCI and peptide (on target cell) interact with which cell?

A

Cytotoxic C cell

88
Q

What protein brings viral proteins from cytosol into the ER?

A

TAP (Transporter-associated Antigen Presentation

89
Q

TAP (function and 3 important properties)

A
  • heterodimer
  • embedded in ER membrane
  • ATP dependent transporter
  • brings peptides from cytosol into lumen
90
Q

Loci involved with MHCI

A

B C A

91
Q

Schematic representation of MHCII

A

alpha 1 beta 1

alpha 2 beta 2

92
Q

Schematic representation of MHCI

A

alpha 1 alpha 2

B2m alpha 3

93
Q

The 3 loci B C A on MHCI encode for what parts of the molecule?

A

ONLY encodes the alpha chain (alpha 1, 2, 3)

94
Q

B2m isn’t encoded by the loci on MHCI but has a very critical function? What is B2m responsible for? How is it different than the alpha genes?

A

required for folding of class I molecule and transport to membrane surface. It is not polymorphic (encoded by beta-2microglobulin gene)

95
Q

superdomain that peptide forms with in MHCI is?

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2

96
Q

superdomain that peptide forms with MHCII is?

A

alpha 1 and beta 1

97
Q

Superdomain of MHCI can hold about how many amino acids in peptide?

A

9 amino acids

98
Q

The superdomain of MHCII can hold a peptide of about how many amino acids?

A

10-30 (floor sides are kind of open, so peptide can fall outside of actually site and accommodate a larger peptide)

99
Q

Each loci in MCHII encodes for

A

an alpha and a beta polypeptides

100
Q

N-terminal domain of MHCII

A

alpha or beta 1

101
Q

membrane proximal domain of MHCII

A

alpha or beta 2

102
Q

A _____ is inherited from each parent

A

haplotype (one set of the gene on the chromosome)

Year 1 (48 decks)

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