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Clinical Pathology > 16: Testing for Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

16: Testing for Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is difference between dermatomycosis and dermatophytosis?

A

Mycosis = any fungus, phytosis = ringworm

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2
Q

What are the requirements to culture a virus?

A

Functional virus particle, stable outside host, virus transport medium, cell line supports replication and monolayer on plastic

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3
Q

What are three viruses that are stable outside the host?

A

Parvovirus, calicivirus, cowpox

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4
Q

What is the cytopathic effect?

A

Cellular toxicity due to virus replication

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages or trying to culture a virus?

A

Takes 2-3 weeks, need specialist facilities

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6
Q

Which clinical sample do you take for parvo?

A

Faeces

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7
Q

Which clinical sample do you take for cowpox?

A

Skin lesion

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8
Q

How do you confirm virus presence has cause aggultination?

A

Haemagglutination inhibition - add antiserum

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9
Q

What is a polyclonal antibody?

A

To different epitopes

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10
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Single epitope by single clone of B cell

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11
Q

What clinical sample for in-house FeLV test?

A

Blood, saliva, tears

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12
Q

How do in-house FeLV kits work?

A

Rapid immunomigration (RIM) or ELISA

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13
Q

How do in-house parvo kits work?

A

ELISA

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14
Q

What is a disadvantage of PCR?

A

False +ve due to contamination

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15
Q

How sensitive is PCR?

A

Very

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16
Q

WHat may cause a false negative on PCR?

A

Intermittent shedding

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17
Q

How long do materal antibodies last?

A

6-8 weeks, some up to 6 months

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18
Q

Which Ig is present in early infection?

A

IgM

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19
Q

What -fold rise in titre is significant?

A

4-fold

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20
Q

Which antibody rises after IgM?

A

IgG

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21
Q

Which test can you do to test titre of antibody?

A

Virus neutralisation (last dilution that prevents plaque formation)

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22
Q

Which cat viruses do you use PCR to detect?

A

herpes, chlamydia, calicivirus

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23
Q

Which cat viruses do you use virus isolation to detect?

A

calicivirus, herpesvirus

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24
Q

Is FeLV a virus antigen test or antibody test?

A

virus antigen

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25
Q

Is FIV a virus antigen test or antibody test?

A

antibody

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26
Q

How do you confirm an FIV positive test?

A

IF, PCR, Western blotting

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27
Q

What do you do if you get an FeLV positive?

A

Retest in 12 weeks

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28
Q

if FeLV is negative on a blood test, what other test can you try?

A

Bone marrow PCR

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29
Q

Why is virus isolation of coronavirus very difficult?

A

Virus very fragile

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30
Q

Why is PCR for FIP a diagnostic challenge?

A

Can’t differentiate between FIP and feline enteric coronavirus

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31
Q

What can you test in the pleural/peritoneal effusion for FIP?

A

Antibody titre and PCR

32
Q

When is antibody titre and PCR for FIP diagnostic?

A

If positive margin of error is high

33
Q

What can cause false -ve on a virus test?

A

Strain variation

34
Q

What can cause false -ve on a antibody test?

A

Antigen excess

35
Q

What can cause false +ve on an antibody test?

A

Cross reactive antibodies, anti-mouse antibodies in cats, anti-cell culture antibodies

36
Q

What can cause a false -ve for a bacterial disease?

A

Antibiotic treatment

37
Q

Which samples can you use a blood culture for?

A

Blood, CSF, synovial

38
Q

How long can you keep urine in boric acid for culture?

A

72 hours

39
Q

How long can anaerobic cultures survive in air?

A

20 mins

40
Q

What temperature should you keep an anaerobic sample?

A

Cool, but not refrigerated

41
Q

Where is E Coli pathogenic?

A

Conjunctivitis, otitis externa

42
Q

What are the two ways of testing for antibiotic sensitivity?

A

Broth dilution MIC or agar gel disc diffusion

43
Q

What are two limitations of sensitivity testing?

A

You can only test aerobic bacteria, and in vivo tissue penetration varies

44
Q

Why are characteristics of mycobacteria?

A

Gram +ve, acid fast

45
Q

Why organs can mycobacteria infect?

A

Systemic or cutaneous

46
Q

Why is intradermal tuberculin testing not recommended in cats?

A

inconsistent, infrequent

or transient reactions

47
Q

Where do you perform the BCG test in dogs?

A

Inner surface of pinna

48
Q

When can you get a false +ve for BCG in dogs?

A

cross-reactivity

with other bacterial species

49
Q

Why is serology for mycobacterial disease unreliable?

A

antibodies to mycobacteria crossreact with

bacteria, fungi and protozoa

50
Q

How do you diagnose mycobacterial disease?

A

Bacterial isolation from smear and tissue or stain

51
Q

What technique can you use for mycobacterial speciation?

A

PCR

52
Q

Which species mainly causes ringworm?

A

Microsporum canis

53
Q

Which species are important ringworm carriers?

A

Asymptomatic cats

54
Q

Which brush can you use to get a fungal culture?

A

Mackenzie

55
Q

How should you store a sample for ringworm identification?

A

Non-airtight container

56
Q

Which culture mediums can you use for ringworm?

A

Sabouraud’s agar or dermatophyte test medium

57
Q

How long does culture from Sabouraud’s agar take?

A

3-4 weeks

58
Q

How long does culture from dermatophyte test medium take?

A

5-7 days

59
Q

What’s the problem with dermatophyte test medium?

A

False negative, difficult identification

60
Q

What other commensal does Malassezia have a symbiotic relationship with?

A

Staphylococci

61
Q

How common is malassezia in cats?

A

Rare

62
Q

What predisposes to candida?

A

Prolonged antibiotic treatment,

immunodeficiency and immunosupression

63
Q

How do you submit swabs for yeast culture?

A

Bacterial transport medium

64
Q

What’s a problem with cello tape preparations?

A

Difficult to stain

65
Q

How many organisms per 400x field are significant for impression smears?

A

1 or more

66
Q

How many organisms per 400x field are significant for ear swabs?

A

Over 10

67
Q

Which species causes nasal aspergillosis?

A

A fumigatus

68
Q

How can you test for aspergillus antigen?

A

Serum or ELISA

69
Q

What’s the problem with agar gel immunodiffusion for aspergillus serology?

A

False positives

70
Q

What’s the problem with nasal flush and fungal culture for aspergillus diagnosis?

A

Often -ve

71
Q

Which species gets crytococcus neoformans?

A

Cats in USA

72
Q

Which organs does crytococcus neoformans infect?

A

CNS, respiratory tract, skin, eye

73
Q

What’s one problem with cryptococcus neoformans diagnosis?

A

Zoonosis

74
Q

How can you diagnose cryptococcosis?

A

Culture, serology (agglutination, ELISA), cytology, histo

75
Q

Which antigen do you look for to diagnose cryptococcosis?

A

Capsular antigen

Clinical Pathology (30 decks)

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