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From Flashcardlet > Pharmacology - Chapters 38,39 - Antibiotics > Flashcards

Pharmacology - Chapters 38,39 - Antibiotics Flashcards

0
Q

_______ kill bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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1
Q

What are the four most common mechanisms of antibiotic action?

A

Interference with bacterial cell wall synthesis,
Interference with protein synthesis,
Interference with replication of nucleic acids,
Antimetabolite action that disrupts critical metabolic reactions inside bacterial wall.

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2
Q

_______ inhibit growth

A

Bacteriostatic

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3
Q

This classification of antibiotics has Bacteriostatic action and prevents synthesis of folic acid required for synthesis of purines and nucleic acid. It doesn’t affect human cells or certain bacteria and only affects organisms that synthesize their own folic acid

A

Sulfonamides

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4
Q

_______ are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They are use for the treatment of UTIs and upper respiratory tract infections and staphylococcal infections

A

Sulfonamides

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5
Q

What are the adverse affects of Sulfonamides?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, convulsions, crystalluria, toxic nephrosis, headache, peripheral neuritis, urticaria,anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, photosensitivity, exfoliative dermatitis, epidermal necrolysis

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6
Q

What are the contradictions for Sulfonamides?

A

Celebrex (celecoxib), pregnant women, infants younger than two months of age

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7
Q

Which antibiotics are classified as Sulfonamides ?

A

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim,
Bactria,
Septra

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8
Q

This category of antibiotics are Bactericidal. They kill a wide variety of Gram positive and some gram-negative bacteria. See inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins

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9
Q

What are the contradictions for penicillin?

A

Allergies

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10
Q

What are the most common drug interactions with penicillin?

A

Warfarin, rifampin, probenecid, oral contraceptives, NSAIDs, methotrexate, aminoglycosides

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11
Q

Penicillins are classified as pregnancy category _____ drug

A

B

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12
Q

What are the four subcategories of penicillin?

A

Natural penicillins,
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins,
Aminopenicillins,
Extended spectrum penicillins

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13
Q

Which antibiotics are natural penicillins?

A

Penicillin G,

Penicillin V potassium

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14
Q

Which antibiotics are penicillinase resistant penicillins?

A

Nafcillin

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15
Q

This classification of penicillin can be especially helpful for treating the sexually-transmitted disease syphilis

A

Natural penicillin

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16
Q

This classification of penicillin is able to resist breakdown by the penicillin destroying enzyme penicillinase, commonly produced by bacteria such a staphylococcus. Nafcillin is the most commonly used drug for methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

A

Penicillinase resistant penicillin

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17
Q

This classification of penicillin is used to treat infections caused by susceptible organisms in the ears, nose, throat and genitourinary tract, skin, and skin structures

A

Aminopenicillins

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18
Q

Which antibiotics are aminopenicillins?

A

Amoxicillin,

ampicillin

19
Q

This classification of penicillins may be active against gram-positive, gram-negative, or anaerobic bacteria. They are not active against fungi and viruses.

A

Extended spectrum cephalosporins

20
Q

Which penicillin antibiotics are extended spectrum cephalosporins?

A

Ancef (cefazolin),

Teflaro (cefaroline)-only MRSA treatment

21
Q

This antibiotic category of penicillin treats infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, scan, and soft tissue caused by some strains of streptococcus and haemophilus

A

Macrolids

22
Q

Which anabiotics are classified as macrolids?

A

Erythromycin,
Zithromax (azithromycin),
Biaxin (claritheomycin)
Dificid (fidaxomicin)-only for treatment of c-diff

23
Q

This category of penicillin is associated with a higher risk for penicillin allergy. Patient should be assessed for history of asthma, sensitivity to allergens, aspirin allergy, and sensitivity to cephalosporins

A

Extended spectrum cephalosporins

24
Q

This category of penicillin can promote drug induced hearing loss and tinnitus. Special consideration should be given to patient taking warfarin, digoxin, or theophylline, as it can cause toxicity of these drugs

A

Macrolids

25
Q

Which antibiotics are in the tetracycline category of penicillins?

A

Declomycin (demeclocycline)

26
Q

This category of penicillins works by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. They kill a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. They are unique in that they inhibit the action of antidiuretic hormone, which makes it useful in the treatment of the syndrome inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

A

Tetracycline

27
Q

This classification of penicillins can cause discoloration of the permanent teeth and tooth enamel as well as cause possible retardation and the fetal skeletal development if taken during pregnancy.

A

Tetracyclines

28
Q

Ampicillin + sulbactam = ?

A

Unasym

29
Q

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid = ?

A

Augmentin

30
Q

Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid = ?

A

Timentin

31
Q

Piperacillin + tazobactam = ?

A

Zosyn

32
Q

Which antibiotics are first-generation cephalosporin?

A

Ancef & Kefzol (cefazolin),
Keflex (cephalexin)

Use for surgical prophylaxis

33
Q

Which antibiotics are second-generation cephalosporins?

A

Mefoxin (cefoxitin),
Zinacef,
Ceftin

Use for surgical prophylaxis

34
Q

Which antibiotics or third generation cephalosporins?

A

Rocephin (ceftriaxone)

Treats central nervous system infections

35
Q

Which antibiotics or fourth generation cephalosporins?

A

Maxipime (cefepime)-UTI

36
Q

These antibiotics are used for the treatment of bone, joint, skin, and soft tissue infections

A

Carbapenems

37
Q

These antibiotics should not be taken with dairy products, antiacids, and iron salts as they reduce their absorbency

A

Tetracycline

38
Q

Which antibiotics are aminoglycosides?

A 
Garamycin (gentamicin),
Neo-fradin (neomycin)-cleans GI tract before surgery,
Nebcin (tobramycin),
Amikin (amikacin),
Kanamycin,
Streptomycin

No PO form

39
Q

What are the adverse affects of aminoglycosides?

A

Nephrotoxicity,
Ototoxicity,
Headache, fever, superinfections, vertigo, skin rash, dizziness

40
Q

This classification of antibiotics is bactericital. They are the drug of choice for treatment of particularly virulent infections. This is a potent antibiotic and blood samples to monitor peak and trough levels are necessary

A

Aminoglycosides

41
Q

Which antibiotics are aminoglycosides?

A

Amikacin,
Gentamicin,
Tobramycin

42
Q

What are the adverse affects of aminoglycosides?

A

Aminoglycosides are especially hard on the kidneys (nephrotoxicity) and the ears (ototoxicity) and they can affect hearing and balance functions. These antibiotics should be used short-term

43
Q

These are very potent bactericidal broad spectrum antibiotics. They have excellent oral absorption and in most cases the extent of oral absorption is comparable to that of an IV injection. When given intravenously they must be infused over 1 to 1.5 hour.

A

Quinolones or fluoroquinolones

44
Q

These antibiotics are classified as quinolones?

A

Cipro (ciprofloxin),
Levaiquin (levofloxin),
Moxifloxacin

45
Q

What are the adverse effects of quinolones?

A 
Ruptured tendons and tendinitis (black box warning,
Fever, 
chills, 
blurred vision, 
tinnitus
46
Q

This antibiotic is used for chronic bone infections, GU track infections, interabdominal infections, anaerobic pneumonia, septicemia, and serious skin and soft tissue infections. Also treats c diff

A

Cleocin (clindamycin)

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