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Pathology > immunopathology > Flashcards

immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

4 categories of pathogenic microorganisms

A

virus, bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites

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2
Q

antibodies are developed against ____

A

antigens

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3
Q

2 types of immunity

A

innate and adaptive

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4
Q

cells of immune system

A

leukocytes

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5
Q

leukocytes not involved in innate immunity?

A

B cell and T cell (adaptive)

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6
Q

these cells have to diferentiate in epithelial tissue

A

monocytes

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7
Q

only cell type of innate immune system that originates from common lymphoid progenitor

A

NK cell

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8
Q

first line of defense, also antigen presentation

A

macrophage

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9
Q

granulocytes containing active agents like histamine, activated when infection occurs

A

mast cell

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10
Q

these cells release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells

A

natural killer cells

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11
Q

an antigen presentation cell, promotes antigen uptake in peripheral sites

A

dendritic cells

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12
Q

B and T cells are called:

A

lymphocytes

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13
Q

soluble antigens will not be bound by ___

A

T cell receptors (without APC)

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14
Q

what are the APCs?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

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15
Q

two types of functional T cells

A

functional cytotoxic (CD*+) and functional helper (CD4+)

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16
Q

what do CD*+ do?

A

eliminate virus infected cells

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17
Q

how regulate functional T cells?

A

regulatory T cell

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18
Q

what’s the function of memory t-cells

A

ensure rapid adaptive immune response when same pathogen invade again (circulate a long time)

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19
Q

B cells need helper ____

A

T cells

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20
Q

TH2 helps:

A

B cells and eosinophils

21
Q

TH1 helps:

A

macrophages

22
Q

B cells (activated to plasma cells) produce:

A

antibodies

23
Q

T cells need to finish differentiation in:

A

thymus

24
Q

bacteria trigger macrophages to release ____

A

cytokines, chemokines

25
Q

T cells are located in:

A

lymph nodes

26
Q

what are MHCs?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complexes

27
Q

MHC1 present to __ T cells, MHC2 present to ___ T cells

A

CD8+ (expressed on all nucleated cells); CD4+ (expressed on APCs)

28
Q

antibody cule includes ____ region and ___ region

A

variable; constant

29
Q

purpose of variable region?

A

antigen-binding site

30
Q

purpose of constant region?

A

effector function

31
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

IgM (initial), IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA

32
Q

purpose of Fc region?

A

effector functions, compliment systems and cell activation

33
Q

what is Type 1 Hypersensitivity?

A

anaphylactic/atopic reaction

34
Q

anaphylactic rxn is predominantly mediated by ____

A

IgE and mast cells

35
Q

late phase response (4-6 hrs) typical of bronchial asthma

A

recruitment of leukotrienes

36
Q

ex. of Type 2 Hypersensitivity?

A

hemolytic anemia, goodpasture’s syndrome, grave’s diease, myasthenia gravis

37
Q

Type 2 hypersens is predominantly mediated by:

A

cytotoxic IgG or IgM targeting antigens on cells/tissue such as xtracell matrix

38
Q

ex. of type 3 hypersensitive

A

poststreptococcal glomerulonehritis, polyarteritis Nodosa, systemic lupus

39
Q

type 3 mediated by:

A

immune complexes between antigens and antibodies trapped in BV walls /membranes by xtracell matrix proteins

40
Q

type 4 ex

A

tumour, tb, leprae -associated antigens; contact dermatitis

41
Q

contact dermatitis ex.

A

latex, poison ivy

42
Q

type 4 initiated by:

A

macrophages–>cross-activation with T cells–>produce mem T cells–>granulomas

43
Q

type 4 relies on cytokines like:

A

IFN-y

44
Q

symptoms of anaphylactic shock

A

stridor (vocal cord spasm), choking (laryngeal edema), wheezing (bronchial spasm, pulmonary edema), systemic circ collapse, fainting caused by hypotension due to vasodilation

45
Q

results from the fail of autotolerance in immune sys, associated with gene predisposition. It is more common in women

A

autoimmunity

46
Q

examples of autoimmunity

A

type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, pemphigus vulgaris (skin)

47
Q

results from deficiency in B/T cells, characterized by low lympocyte counts in blood. Can be congenital or acquired

A

immunodeficiency

48
Q

ex. of immunodeficiency

A

primary: SCID, isolated IgA deficiency, DiGeorge syndrome
secondary: AIDS

Pathology (19 decks)

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