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Pathology > inflammation > Flashcards

inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

2 causes of disease?

A

congenital; acquired

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2
Q

two types of congenital disease

A

inherited, intrauterine lesions

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3
Q

types of acquired

A

inflamation, neoplasia, immunologic, vascular, endocrine, degeneration, iatrogenic

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4
Q

illness caused by healthcare provider/treatment

A

iatrogenic disease

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5
Q

what is inflammation?

A

response of living tissues to irritation/injury

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6
Q

causes of inflammation?

A

infection, chem agents, phys agents, trauma, chronic irritation

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7
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

calor (heat), rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain) , function laesa (disturbed function)

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8
Q

first response to injury :

A

hemodynamic (vascular) changes

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9
Q

what is vascular response?

A

mech stim–>nerves–>smooth muscle–>precapillary arterioles –>short vasoconstriction–>vasodilation (flooding of blood)

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10
Q

what is hyperemia?

A

^ blood flow to capillaries (vasodilate)–>congestion

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11
Q

RBC sludge is called

A

rouleaux

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12
Q

WBC attached to endothelium after ___ called

A

marginalization; pavementing

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13
Q

adhesion accomplished by:

A

surface adhesion molecules

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14
Q

why vessel wall changes?

A

^pressure, slowing of circulation, adhesion, soluble mediators released

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15
Q

2 classes of substances that mediate inflammation

A

plasma-derived, cell-derived

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16
Q

example of biogenic amine, preformed mediator

A

histamine

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17
Q

protein formed in plasma from Hageman activation

A

Bradykinin

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18
Q

mediator of inflam. that consists of several proteins that are activated in cascade

A

complement system

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19
Q

activation of complement cascade can occur thru 2 paths:

A

classical, alternate

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20
Q

classical path activated by :

A

antigen-antibody complex

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21
Q

alternate path activated by ___

A

bacterial endotoxins, fungi, etc

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22
Q

both paths converge to lead to form of ___

A

membrane attack complex

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23
Q

coat bacteria to be more susceptible to being engulfed by phagocytes

A

opsonins

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24
Q

derived from phospholipids of cell mem thru phospholipase

A

arachidonic acid derivatives

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25
Q

two metabol paths for arachidonic acid derivatives

A

lipoxygenase; cycloxygenase

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26
Q

lipoxygenase path–>?

A

leukotrienes

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27
Q

cycloxygenase path–>?

A

prostacyclin, thromboxanes

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28
Q

aspirin associated with __ path

A

cycloxygenase

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29
Q

leakage of fluid from vessel into interstitial spaces in emigration of leukocytes

A

transudation

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30
Q

transudate is __ in protein but has ___ cells

A

^ ; few

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31
Q

transudation causes ___

A

edema

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32
Q

what are PMNs?

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte (acute–first to emigrate)

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33
Q

after PMN, see:

A

monocytes, eosinophils, macrophage, lymphocyte, plasma cells

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34
Q

emigration of leukocytes from BV occurs in these phases:

A

adhesion of PMN to endothelial; insertion of cyto pseudopods; passage thru basement mem; ameboid mvmt away from vessel to cause of inflamation

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35
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

active mvmt of PMN along [ ] gradient

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36
Q

derived from bacteria or tissues destroyed by inflammation

A

chemoattractant

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37
Q

when PMNs reach bacteria/chemotactic substance, this happens

A

phagocytosis (scavenge, lose mobility)

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38
Q

attachment of PMN to bacteria wall facilitated by

A

immunoglobulin

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39
Q

most numerous WBC in circulating blood (60-70%)

A

PMNs

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40
Q

fever is involved with ___

A

interleukin 1 (endogenous pyrogen)

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41
Q

mononuclear cells derived from blood monocyte, larger than PMNs

A

macrophages

42
Q

cells primarily involved w/ antibody production

A

lymphocytes

43
Q

fragmentous cells without nucleus w/ granules

A

platelets

44
Q

4 clinical parameters to classify inflammation

A

duration, etiology, location, morphology

45
Q

inflammation that lasts for a few hours to a few days

A

acute

46
Q

inflammation characterized by persistence of causative agents

A

chronic

47
Q

4 classifications of infections:

A

bacteria, viral, protozoal, fungal

48
Q

example of localized skin infection

A

boil (furuncle)

49
Q

ex. of systemic inflammation

A

sepsis, systemic lupus

50
Q

typical signs of inflammation found on:

A

skin, eyes, oral mucosa, genital organs

51
Q

used to inspect the abdominal cavity

A

laparoscope

52
Q

most terms are formed adding the suffix:

A

“itis”

53
Q

type of inflammation typical of viral infections, mild, involving exudation of serum in early stage of most inflammation

A

serous

54
Q

this type of inflammation may be organized and form scar tissue, indicating more severe inflammation, seen in lots of bacterial infections

A

fibrinous inflammation

55
Q

ex. of fibrinous inflammation?

A

strep throat

56
Q

this type of inflammation is characterized by pus, usually caused bacterially

A

purulent

57
Q

closed pocket of purulent inflammatory exudate (pus) that must be drained

A

abscess

58
Q

when abscesses rupture, form :

A

sinus or fistula

59
Q

in chronic abscess, the wall of cavity is composed of a ____

A

capsule (fibrotic granulation tissue)

60
Q

cavity usually occupied previously by abscess that drains thru tract to surface of body

A

sinus

61
Q

channel formed tween 2 pre existing cavities or hollow organs and the surface of body

A

fistula

62
Q

elevated body temp exceeds 37C, typical response to acute inflammation

A

fever

63
Q

fever is caused by:

A

prostaglandins released by endogenous pyroens (IL-1 and TNF)

64
Q

endogenous pyrogens are released by:

A

leukocytes or macrophages during inflammation

65
Q

other non-specific symptoms of inflammation are called:

A

constitutional symptoms

66
Q

constitutional symptoms include;

A

fatigue, weakness, depression, lack of appetite, general pain, exhaustion

67
Q

3 classifications of cells according to ability to proliferate:

A

labile, stable, permanent

68
Q

what are “labile” cells?

A

continuously dividing/mitotic cells throughout entire life

69
Q

what are “stable” cells?

A

quiescent, facultative mitotic cells that need stim to div

70
Q

what are “permanent” cells?

A

nondividing, post-mitotic cells that don’t have way to proliferate EVER

71
Q

ex. of labile cells?

A

stem, basal layer of skin, mucosa of viscera

72
Q

ex. of stable cells?

A

parenchymal organ (liver or kidney)

73
Q

ex. of permanent cells?

A

neurons, myocardial cells

74
Q

leukocytes and macrophages act on these connective tissue cells during healing:

A

epithelium, myofibroblasts, angioblasts, fibroblasts, collagen

75
Q

these cells secrete matrix substances and are able to contract like muscle cells

A

myofibroblasts

76
Q

these cells are precursors of BVs that provide a route for scavenger cells and influx of blood

A

angioblasts

77
Q

these cells produce most of the xtracell matrix

A

fibroblasts

78
Q

scars are formed by ___ + ____

A

fibronectin; collagen

79
Q

ex of healing by first intention:

A

closed surgical wounds

80
Q

ex of healing by secondary intention

A

unclosed wounds, large tissue defect, foreign bodies, infected wounds

81
Q

complications of wound healing?

A

site, mech factor, size, infection, nutrition, circulatory status, age

82
Q

nutr. and metabolic factors in healing

A

proteins, vitamin C (speeds up), excess cortisol (slows)

83
Q

diabetes, example of ___wounds

A

ischemic (hypoxic)

84
Q

this complication happens in diabetics and those taking steroids

A

deficient scar formation

85
Q

decrease in tensile strength results in:

A

dehiscence

86
Q

excess scar formation is called:

A

keloids (beyond boundaries, are discolored)

87
Q

have segmented nuclei, usually composed of 3 lobes, also called neutrophils

A

PMN leukocytes

88
Q

represent primary body defense system against bacteria

A

PMN leukocytes

89
Q

also called histiocytes , typical of chronic inflammation

A

macrophages

90
Q

these cells participate in forming granulomas

A

macrophages

91
Q

essential for blood clot and are cyto fragments of megakaryocytes

A

platelets

92
Q

hyperemia caused by :

A

dilation of arterioles

93
Q

release of histamine at site of inflammation cause:

A

^ in permeability

94
Q

aspirin inhibit:

A

prostaglandins

95
Q

granulomas contain all cells except:

A

PMNs

96
Q

most common cause of delayed healing of skin wound caused by traffic accident

A

infection

97
Q

what transient event is an initial reaction to neurogenic and chem stim in area of inflammation?

A

constriction (followed by dilation)

98
Q

where are the endothelial cells that react most prominently to mediators of inflammation?

A

venule

99
Q

rich in proteins and not many cells

A

transudate

100
Q

rich in proteins and many cells

A

exudate

Pathology (19 decks)

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