Endocrine system

Question 1

endocrine glands are ______ glands composed of glandular epithelium

Answer 1

ductless

Question 2

the endocrine and nervous systems function to achieve and maintain ______.

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

glands of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the body. The effects of hormones work more ____ and last ____ than those of neurotansmitters

Answer 3

slowly, longer

Question 4

both nervous system and endocrine mediators create their effects by binding to receptors on or in _____.

Answer 4

target cells

Question 5

responsible for secreting hormones directly into the blood

Answer 5

endocrine glands

Question 6

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, ovaries, testes, and placenta are all_____.

Answer 6

major endocrine glands

Question 7

hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion

Answer 7

tropic hormones

Question 8

hormones that target reproductive tissues

Answer 8

sex hormones

Question 9

hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells

Answer 9

anabolic hormones

Question 10

hormones where molecules are manufactured by endocrine cells from cholesterol and are lipid soluble

Answer 10

steroid hormones

Question 11

hormones that are synthesized primarily from amino acids:

• protein hormones
• glycoprotein hormones
• peptide hormones

Answer 11

nonsteroid hormone molecules

Question 12

_____ hormones cna easily pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells

Answer 12

steroid hormones

Question 13

hormones signal a cell by binding to the target cell’s _____ in a “lock and key” mechanism

Answer 13

specific receptors

Question 14

Different hormone-receptor interactions produce different regulatory changes within the target cell through chemical reactions

Combines hormone actions (3):

Answer 14

• synergism
• permissiveness
• antagonism

Question 15

_______:

• diffuse into the blood and are transported to almost every point in body
• a given hormone affects only specific target cells
• effects work more slowly and last longer than neurotransmitters

Answer 15

how hormones work

Question 16

hormones directly regulate target cells

Answer 16

primary effect

Question 17

hormones influence or modulate other regulatory mechanisms in target cells

Answer 17

secondary effects

Question 18

hormone passes into the nucleus, where it binds to a mobile receptor and activates a certain gene sequence to begin the transcription of messenger riboneucleic acid

Answer 18

mobile-receptor model

Question 19

nonsteroid hormone delivers chemical message to fixed receptor on target cell’s plasma membrane. message is passed into the cell

Answer 19

first messenger

Question 20

picks up message passed into cell by first messenger. triggers appropriate celllular changes

Answer 20

second messenger

Question 21

amplifies effects of the hormone. doesn’t take a lot of nonsteroid hormone to produce a huge effect

is faster than steroid mechanism

Answer 21

second messenger mechanism

Question 22

hormone secretion is regulated by:

Answer 22

• signals from the nervous system
• chemical changes in the blood
• other hormones

Question 23

most hormonal regulatory systems are ________.

Answer 23

negative feedback loops

tend to reverse any deviation of the internal environment away from its stable point

Question 24

responses that result from operation of feedback loops within the endocrine system are called

Answer 24

endocrine reflexes

Question 25

an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its _______.

Answer 25

target cells

Question 26

endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a hormone produce by ______.

Answer 26

another gland

Question 27

endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by input from _______.

Answer 27

nervous system

Question 28

sensitivity of target cell to any particular hormone depends in part on the number of _____ it has

Answer 28

receptors

the more receptors there are, the more sensitive the target cell.

Question 29

if the synthesis of new receptors occurs faster than degradation of old receptors, the target cell will have ____ receptors and thus be more _____ to the hormone.

Answer 29

more, sensitive

Question 30

increased number of hormone receptors increases sensitivity

Answer 30

up-regulation

Question 31

decreased number of hormone receptors decreases sensitivity

Answer 31

down-regulation

Question 32

major link between the nervous and endocrine systems. cells from here synthesize at least 9 different hormones

Answer 32

hypothalamus

Question 33

The _________ secretes 7 different hormones and is driven by the hypothalamus

Answer 33

pituitary gland

Question 34

hypothalamus and pituitary together regulate virtually all aspects of _____, _______, ____, and _____.

Answer 34

• growth
• development
• metabolism
• homeostasis

Question 35

influence carbohydrate metabolism by decreasing glucose uptake, which decreases use of glucose for ATP production in cells.

Answer 35

Insulinlike Growth Factors (IGFs)

Question 36

____ and ____ may stimulate liver cells to release glucose into the blood

Answer 36

IGFs and Growth hormone

Question 37

stimulates hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone releasing hormone (GRGH) –>
GRGH goes to pituitary gland and stimulates release of GH –>

GH stimulates secretion of IGFs=speed breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose –>

Blood glucose increases above normal levels and inhibits release of GHRH

Answer 37

Hypoglycemia

Question 38

• stimulates hypothalamus secrete Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) –>

GHIH goes to pituitary gland and inhibits secretion of GH –>

low levels of GH and IGFs slows breakdown of glycogen in the liver and blood glucose levels decrease –>

Decreased blood glucose levels below normal inhibits release of GHIH

Answer 38

hyperglycemia

Question 39

• located just inferior to the larynx

- only endocrine gland that stores secretory product in large quantities (100 day supply)

Answer 39

thyroid gland

Question 40

4 actions of thyroid hormones

Answer 40

• increase metabolic rate
• stimulate synthesis of additional sodium-potassium pumps
• stimulate protein synthesis and increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
• with GH and insulin, accelerate body growth of nervous and skeletal systems

Question 41

______ is an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland and is the first part of the small intestine

Answer 41

the pancreas

Question 42

endocratic tissue of the pancreas is called:

Answer 42

pancreatic islets

Question 43

the _________ controls glucagon and insulin.

_____:
low blood sugar stimulates secretion of glucagon from alpha cells
- glucagon acts on liver cells to accelerate conversion of glcogen to glucose and promotes formation of glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids (gluconeogensis)
- hepatocytes (liver cells) then release glucose into the blood=rise in blood glucose levels

Answer 43

pancreatic islets,

hypoglycemia

Question 44

the ____ controls glucagon and insulin.

_____:

• stimulates secretion of insulin by beta cells to lower blood glucose levels
• insulin acts on cells body to accelerate facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
• insulin speeds conversion of glucose into glycogen, increase uptake of amino acids, increase protein synthesis, speeds up synthesis of fatty acids, slows conversion of glycogen to glucose, slow formation fo glucose from lactic and amino acids

Answer 44

pancreatic islets,

hyperglycemia

Question 45

increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system stimulates ____ secretion.

Answer 45

glucagon