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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II > Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The adult heart pumps about _#_ quarts of blood each minute throughout the body - aprox. 2,000 gallons of blood/day

A

5

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2
Q

The heart is located posterior to sternum in ________. 2/3 of the heart is left of midline, 1/3 is right of midline.

A

mediastinum

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3
Q

an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs.

A

mediastinum

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4
Q

The upper border of heart is just below the ___ rib. The lower border of the diaphragm is around the ___ rib.

A
  1. 2nd rib 2. 6th rib
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5
Q

tough fibrous tissue that holds the heart in place and protects it from over-expansion.

A

pericardium

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6
Q

the pericardium has 2 layers:

A
  • fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
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7
Q

touch, loose fitting, inelastic sac around the heart that provides protection and anchors the heart in the mediastinum. Prevents overstretch of the heart.

A

fibrous layer of the pericardium

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8
Q

Serous pericardium consists of 2 layers:

A
  • parietal layer - visceral layer
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9
Q

layer of the serous pericardium that is fused to the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal layer

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10
Q

layer of the serous pericardium that is adheres to the outside of the heart. Also known as Epicardium.

A

visceral layer

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11
Q

The heart wall is made up of 3 distinct layers:

A
  • epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
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12
Q

Layer of the heart wall: - literally means “on the heart” - a shiny transparent lubricating layer that is an integral part of the heart wall - contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium

A

epicardium aka: visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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13
Q

Layer of the heart wall: - contractile and thick middle layer of cardiac muscle cells - makes up roughly 90% of heart wall. - the cardiac mm fibers are organized in bundles that swirl diagonally around the heart and generate the strong pumping actions.

A

myocardium

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14
Q

Layer of the heart wall: - lining of the interior of the myocardial wall - delicate layer that covers the muscle and valves

A

endocardium

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15
Q

the interior of the heart is divided into 4 cavities:

A
  • 2 upper chambers (atria) - 2 lower chambers (ventricles)
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16
Q

The _____ receive blood from the veins and pump it into the ventricles

A

atria

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17
Q

The ____ receive blood from the atria and pump it to the body and lungs

A

ventricles

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18
Q

The left chambers are separated from the right chambers by an extension of the heart wall called the _____.

A

septum

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19
Q

Both sides of the heart must pump the same amount of blood to avoid ______ in one side of the system.

A

blood accumulation

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20
Q

septum located between the left and right atrium

A

interatrial septum

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21
Q

remnant of the foramen ovale, an opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that normally closes soon after birth

A

fossa ovalis

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22
Q

The 2 superior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins. They alternately relax and contract to receive blood, then push it into the lower chambers

A

atria

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23
Q

The 2 inferior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump blood out of the heart into arteries.

A

ventricles

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24
Q

The _______ of each ventricle is thicker than the myocardium of either atrium.

A

myocardium

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25
Q

The ____ _____ is the thickest chamber of the hear

A

left ventricle

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26
Q

structures that permit the flow of blood in one direction only, forcing the continuous flow of blood.

A

valves

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27
Q

There are 4 valves:

A
  • Tricuspid valve - Aortic semilunar valve - pulmonary semilunar valve - bicuspid valve (mitral)
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28
Q
  • valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle - guards the left atrioventricular (AV) opening - Has 2 flaps - prevents backflow into the atrium during systole (contraction)
A

Mitral or bicuspid valve

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29
Q
  • valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle - regulates flow through the right atrioventricular (AV) opening - has 3 flaps - prevents backflow into the atrium during systole
A

tricuspid valve

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30
Q
  • valve located between the left ventricle and the entrance of the aorta - shape like a half moon - prevents backflow into the ventricle during diastole (relaxation)
A

aortic semilunar valve

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31
Q

valve located between the right ventricle and the entrance of the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

32
Q

thread-like bands of fibrous tissue that attach on one end to the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valves (AV valves) of the heart and on the other end to papillary muscles within the heart that serve to anchor the valves

A

chordae tendinae

33
Q

damage to the valves of the heart can cause _____, _____, or both.

A
  • stenosis - insufficiency (inadequate closure)
34
Q

a slight insufficiency of valves common in young women and is often asymptomatic

A

mitral valve prolapse

35
Q

type of circulation: - arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body - veins then return the oxygen-depleted blood to the heart

A

systemic circulation

36
Q

type of circulation: - pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returned to the heart through pulmonary veins

A

pulmonary circulation

37
Q

_____ have thick wall and carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

38
Q

____ have thin walls and return blood to the heart

A

veins

39
Q

Right vs. Left: The ____ side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the lungs

A

right

40
Q

Right vs. Left: The ____ side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers it to the body.

A

left

41
Q

Right vs. Left: The muscles of the ____ side are 4 times thicker and more powerful than those on the right side.

A

left

42
Q

Right vs. Left: The ____ side of the heart pumps blood through a much shorter distance and at lower pressures.

A

right

43
Q

Flow of blood through the heart: __#1__ receives deoxygenated blood from the body –> __#2__ receives deoxygenated blood from the R atrium –> __#3__ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins –> __#4__ receives oxygenated blood from L atrium and pumps blood out to the whole body via aorta

A
  1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. left atrium 4. left ventricle
44
Q

2 arteries (R and L) - they are the first branches of the aorta - supply blood to the heart itself

A

coronary arteries

45
Q

Both ventricles get blood from branches of Right and Left ________.

A

coronary arteries

46
Q

Each atrium only receives blood from its corresponding _______.

A

coronary artery

47
Q

The _________ is the biggest and receives the most blood.

A

Left ventricle

48
Q

an alternate name for anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. Term is used because the left main coronary and/or left anterior descending supply blood to large areas of the heart.

A

Widow maker

49
Q

fibers that repeatedly generate action potentials that trigger contraction. Continue to stimulate heart beat even after the heart has been removed from the body. - ensure that the cardiac chambers are stimulated to contract in a coordinated manner

A

autorhythmic cardiac muscle fibers

50
Q

cells that are not contractile. Their sole purpose is to generate rapid conduction of an action potential through the heart

A

specialized cardiac muscle cells

51
Q

heart’s primary pacemaker is located high in the right atrium

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

52
Q

The _______ is located in the interatrial septum in at the base of the right atrium. The conduction system continues into the ventricles via the this bundle.

A

atrioventricular node (AV)

53
Q

The ______ is located in the superior aspect of the interventricular septum. It is also known as bundle of His.

A

AV bundle

54
Q

Right and left ______ extend through the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart.

A

bundle branches

55
Q

conduct the action potential beginning in the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium

A

purkinjie fibers

56
Q

cessation of coronary artery flow for more than a few minutes causes death of heart muscle

A

myocardial infarction

57
Q

According to the CDC more than ___% of the blood flow must be stopped before tissue damage becomes a problem or any symptoms appear.

A

70%

58
Q

790,000 americans have a heart attack each year. Most are related to _______.

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

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BIO 109 Anatomy and Physiology II (25 decks)

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