Lesson 2A (Part 2)

Question 1

Sialitis

Answer 1

Inflammation of a salivary gland or duct

Question 2

What is the sonographic appearance of sialitis? (3)

Answer 2

1. Diffuse heterogeneity of the gland
2. Increased vascularity on power doppler
3. Chronic calcification centrally within
   the submandibular gland

Question 3

Sialectasis

Answer 3

Dilation of a salivary duct

Question 4

Parotitis

Answer 4

Inflammation of the parotid gland

Question 5

What does sialectasis result from?

Answer 5

Duct obstruction of the parotid or submandibular glands associated with pain and swelling

Question 6

Calculus formation

Answer 6

Calculi (stones) are formed in the salivary glands by the crystallisation of mineral salts in saliva

Question 7

What can calculus formation cause?

Answer 7

Partially or completely block the ducts, leading to inflammation and swelling of the gland, a predisposition to infection and, in time, atrophy

Question 8

What causes calculus formation?

Answer 8

It is unknown

Question 9

Where do salivary gland stones occur?


Answer 9

About 8 in 10 salivary stones form in one of the submandibular glands

Question 10

Where is rare for a stone to form?

Answer 10

In the sublingual gland

Question 11

Where is calculus easily seen?

Answer 11

In the Stensen’s duct

Question 12

What are parotid duct calculi?

Answer 12

Rare

Question 13

Pleomorphic salivary adenoma

Answer 13

Mixed benign tumours that consist of epithelial and connective tissue cells

Question 14

Where do pleomorphic salivary adenomas mainly occur?

Answer 14

In the parotid gland

Question 15

What is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?

Answer 15

Pleomorphic salivary adenomas

Question 16

What is the sonograohpic appearance of parotid adenoma? (2)

Answer 16

1. Well circumscribed

2. Posterior enhancement

Question 17

What are questions you should ask before scanning the glands?

Answer 17

If they have had any dental work done

Question 18

What is a key landmark for the glands?

Answer 18

The angle of the mandible

Question 19

Stensen’s duct

Answer 19

Is a duct and the route that saliva takes from the major salivary gland, the parotid gland, into the mouth

Question 20

What type of malignant tumours most commonly affect the parotid glands?

Answer 20

Carcinomas

Question 21

Where does lymph spread with carcinoma?

Answer 21

To the cervical nodes

Question 22

What is the sonographic appearance of a submandibular adenocarcinoma? (3)

Answer 22

1. Heterogeneous mass
   - found in the anterior portion of the submandibular gland
2. Smooth walls
3. Internal vascularity

Question 23

Sjogrens disease

Answer 23

Is an autoimmune disorder affecting the moisture producing exocrine glands
- eg. tears and saliva

Question 24

What is the most prevalent rheumatic disorder?

Answer 24

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 25

What is the second most prevalent rheumatic disorder?

Answer 25

Sjogrens disease

Question 26

What is a symptom of Sjogrens disease?

Answer 26

Dryness of eyes and mouth

Question 27

What may occasionally develop in the parotid glands of Sjogren’s patients?

Answer 27

MALT lymphoma

Question 28

Where can simpe cysts occur? (2)

Answer 28

1. Parotid glands

2. Submandibular glands

Question 29

What can cause simple salivary gland cysts to become more complicated? (3)

Answer 29

1. Haemorrhage
2. Trauma
3. Infection