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Anatomy 1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood composed of

A

Cells and plasma proteins

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2
Q

What cells make up the blood

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

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3
Q

What is the function of red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Make up 99% of the cells

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4
Q

What is the function of white blood cells

A

Immune function to fight infection

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5
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

They are involved in blood clotting

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6
Q

What does plasma consist of

A

Extracellular fluid
Water
Electrolytes

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7
Q

What electrolytes are present in plasma

A

Glucose
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Amino acids

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8
Q

Where are the plasma proteins produced

A

The liver

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9
Q

What are the plasma proteins

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogens
Regulatory proteins

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10
Q

What is the function of albumins

A

Maintain on optic pressure

Involved in transport of lipids

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11
Q

What is the function of globulins

A

Transport of ions, hormones, lipids

Immune function

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12
Q

What is the function of fibrinogens

A

Key component of blood clotting

Inactive form of fibrin (active)

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13
Q

What are regulatory proteins

A

They are involved in the regulation of enzymes and hormones

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14
Q

What is the average blood volumes of males

A

70ml/kg body weight

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15
Q

What is the average blood volume of females

A

60ml/kg body weight

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16
Q

What percentage of blood volume does plasma make up

A

55%

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17
Q

What percentage of blood volume do cells make up

A

45%

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18
Q

What is the standard diameter for a red blood cell

A

7 micrometers

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19
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell

A

Biconcave disc

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20
Q

Why do red blood cells have a specific shape

A

Large surface area
Rapid gas transfer across cell membranes
Allows to bend in narrow capillaries
Can expand to accommodate hypotonic solutions

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21
Q

What is the average life span of a red blood cell

A

120 days (4 months)

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22
Q

How are red blood cells broken down

A

MPS system, mainly in the spleen but also the liver

23
Q

What happens to haemoglobin in the breakdown of a red blood cell

A

It is disintegrated into the protein part, iron and haem

The haem is broken down into biliverdin which is reduced to bilirubin

24
Q

What happens to bilirubin after it has been converted

A

It is conjugated in the liver and excreted as bile pigments

25
Q

What is erythropoietin regulated by

A

Erythropoietin

26
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced

A

The kidneys

27
Q

Why does a red blood cell not have a nucleus

A

It allows them to carry more haemoglobin

28
Q

What happens to unviable red blood cells

A

10% undergo haemolysis and are broken down, taken out of circulation and go to the kidneys to be excreted

29
Q

How are red blood cells usually broken

A

They pass into macrophages in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. They get broken down into amino acids which get released back into circulation.
Haem is broken down into bilirubin

30
Q

What is required for erythropoiesis

A

Folic acid and Vitamin B12

31
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin

A

Globular protein
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
4 haem groups

32
Q

What is the haemoglobin in a foetus called

A

Immature

Called Hb-F

33
Q

What are the types of blood cells

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

34
Q

What are the different granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

35
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytic

Respond to inflammation

36
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

Circulating mast cells
Produce histamine
Responsible for blood clotting
Very active in people with hay fever

37
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Involved in allergic reactions as well as defence against parasites

38
Q

What are the different agranulocytes

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

39
Q

What is the function of monocytes

A

Become macrophages

40
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes

A

Cell mediated immunity - T cells

Humoral immunity - antibody producing - B cells

41
Q

Why do neutrophils stain dark

A

They are multinucleated

42
Q

What does binucleate and what cell can be binucleate

A

Same nucleus but has two different parts

Eosinophils

43
Q

What does the cytoplasm of an eosinophil stain

A

Pink

44
Q

What are platelets derived from

A

Megakaryocytes

45
Q

What is the most common blood group

A

O

46
Q

What is the least common blood group

A

AB

47
Q

What is the most common Rh group

A

Rh+

48
Q

What happens if an Rh- person receives Rh+ blood

A

They will develop anti Rh antibodies

This does not affect the recipient

49
Q

Why can being Rh- be an issue during pregnancy

A

If an Rh- female conceives and Rh+ foetus, some of the foetal RBCs can enter the maternal circulation at birth resulting in the mother developing anti-Rh antibodies
These can attack and haemolyse the RBCs of a subsequent Rh+ foetus, resulting in the haemolytic disease of the new born

50
Q

What plasma proteins are the most abundant

A

Albumins

51
Q

What plasma proteins are the least abundant

A

Regulatory Proteins

52
Q

What white blood cell is most abundant

A

Neutrophil

53
Q

What white blood cell is least abundant

A

Basophils

Anatomy 1 (23 decks)

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