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Nursing 250 > COMMUNITY---Week # 1 > Flashcards

COMMUNITY---Week # 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Healthy People 2020 Initiatives (5)

A

1) Establish Measurable Objectives
2) Consult with health care expects locally/nationally to collect data
3) National Health goals are derived from scientific data and trends collected during the prior decade
4) Guides Nurses in developing health promotion strategies to improve individual / community health
5) Measure for quality of health–helps nurses develop health promotion strategies

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2
Q

PRIMARY PREVENTION deals with the ________ population

A

Well

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3
Q

Important facts about DORTHEA DIX

A
  • 1st generation of mental asylums
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4
Q

What does the (WHO) World Health Organization do?

A

Provides daily information regarding the occurrence of internationally important diseases.

Establishes world standards for antibiotics / vaccines

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5
Q

The “3rd” major change to healthcare in the 21st century is “Increased use of technology”. What are the three main types of technology?

A

1) Medical devices
2) Health Information Tech (HIT)
3) Telehealth

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6
Q

Describe the “shift of care” (1900-1999)

A

1910– (Home care focused) 90% of nursing care provided in patients home (by their family with visits from doctor/nurse

1950–(Hospital care focused) Nursing students were utilized as hospital staff

1980 – (Home care focused) D/C from hospitals occurred faster d/t increased cost of hospitalization using DRG’s (Diagnostic Related Grouping)
**care was transferred to community nurses

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7
Q

“3” components that make up the Epidemiological Triangle

A

1) AGENT—physical, infectious or chemical factor that causes the disease
2) HOST—the living being that an agent or environment influences
3) ENVIRONMENT—the setting/surrounding that sustains the host

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8
Q

principles of Epidemiology in practice (6)

A

1) Assessment
2) Planning and Interventions
3) Health Promotion
4) Outbreaks
5) Environment
6) Evaluation

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9
Q

Equation for PREVALENCE

A

Number of EXISTING CASES in the population at a specific time divided by POPULATION TOTAL x 1,000 = _______ per 1,000

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10
Q

Health indicators

A

describes the health status of a community and serve as targets for the improvement of a community’s health.

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11
Q

Important Facts about CLARA BARTON

A
  • Founded American Red Cross (1881)

* Civil War -care for soldiers

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12
Q

(STRATEGIES) to implementing community health programs (7)

A

1) Good assessment
2) Accurate interpretation of data
3) Collaboration with community partners
4) Effective communication
5) Sufficient resources
6) logical planning
7) skilled leadership

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13
Q

Define “RATE”

A

The primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness

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14
Q

What are the “three” major changes to Health care in the 21st century?

A

1) Development of patient / client-centered care
2) Patients have personal responsibility for their health
3) Increased use of technology

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15
Q

Define “ATTACK RATE”

A

Number of people exposed to a specific agent who develop the disease divided by total number of people exposed

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16
Q

What is Nonmaleficence?

A
  • Not willfully harming a patient

* no harm done when applying the standards of care

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17
Q

What are the preventative services for Health promotion and disease prevention (5)

A

1) Education and counseling
2) Immunizations
3) Preventative Medications
4) Lifestyle changes
5) Actions to prevent a potential disease or disability

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18
Q

What is Beneficence?

A
  • being proactive in promoting the clients best interest
  • maximize possible benefits
  • minimize possible harm
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19
Q

Important fact about FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

A
  • Promotes self care / preventative care
  • Environmental theory
  • Crimean War (1854)-treated soldiers
  • 1st statistician (Reviewing data)
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20
Q

What are the principles guiding community health nursing (5)

A

1) Ethics
2) Advocacy
3) evidence base practice
4) Quality
5) Professional Collaboration/communication

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21
Q

what are the methods of data collection for community assessment? (5)

A

1) WINDSHIELD SURVEY
2) INTERVIEWS
3) OBSERVATIONS
4) EXISTING DATA
5) CONSTRUCTED SURVEYS

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22
Q

The “1st” major change to healthcare in the 21st century is “DEVELOPMENT OF PT/CLIENT CENTERED CARE”…What are the “5” things we (nurses) take into consideration when caring for our patient?

A

1) Cultural
2) Personal Preferences
3) Values
4) Families
5) Lifestyle

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23
Q

What is “GLOBAL HEALTH”

A

Health issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions and solutions.
People may also define health differently based on their culture, role in life or even what is possible in their environment.
Physical, mental and social wellbeing and not just the absence of disease.

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24
Q

When evaluating the “PLACES” component of the community assessment…what are the “5” things that evaluated?

A

1) PHYSICAL (geography, housing)
2) ENVIRONMENTAL (Geography, climate, pollutants)
3) SOCIAL SYSTEMS (Religious, education, transportation, etc)
4) HUMAN SERVICES (# of hospitals, police stations, libraries)
5) POWER SYSTEM (who makes the decisions/laws)

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25
Q

Important facts about LILLIAN WALD

A
  • 1st Public Health Nurse

* Socioeconomic & educational component to health

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26
Q

Equation for INFANT MORTALITY RATE

A

Number of infant deaths before 1 year of age in a year divided by NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS in the same year x 1,000 = ________ per 1,000

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27
Q

What are the patient / client care “benefits” from INCREASED USE OF TECHNOLOGY ? (6)

A

1) Improved Coordination
2) Evidence based
3) Eliminate paperwork
4) Reduce error
5) expanded access
6) decreased cost

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28
Q

What is fidelity?

A

*honouring commitments to clients

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29
Q

Describe “EXISTING DATA” (community assessment)

Strengths?
Limitations?

A

USE OF EXISTING DATA TO ASSESS PROBLEMS

STRENGTH—database of prior concerns—ability to trend health issues over time

LIMITATIONS—possibility that data might not represent current situation

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30
Q

Equation for INCIDENCE

A

Number of NEW CASES in the population at a specific time divided by POPULATION TOTAL x 1000 = _______ per 1,000

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31
Q

Describe “WINDSHIELD SURVEY”
Strengths?
Limitations?

A

DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH THAT ASSESSES SEVERALCOMMUNITY COMPONENTS BY DRIVING THROUGH A COMMUNITY.

STRENGTHS—provides descriptive overview of the community

LIMITATIONS—Need a driver—time consuming—results based only on visualization-no input from community members

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32
Q

Medicaid provides coverage for _________________

A

for individuals of low socioeconomic status and children.

*funded by federal and State governments

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33
Q

Examples of TERTIARY PREVENTION interventions (2)

A

1) DISABILITY LIMITATIONS
2) REHABILITATION
3) SUPPORT GROUPS

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34
Q

How do community nurses keep the populations “safe” (11)

A

1) Prevent Epidemics
2) Protect environment, workplace, food, water
3) Promote Healthy behavior
4) Monitor health status
5) mobilize community resources
6) Health promotion, disease prevention, risk reduction
7) Respond to disasters
8) Assure public of trained personnel
9) Reaching out to those at high risk
10) injury prevention through interventions
11) Influence policies that effect change

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35
Q

What is distributive Justice

A

Distribution of the benefits / burden in society.

*Everyone gets their fair share

36
Q

When collecting data for the community assessment, it is essential to combine several methods of data collection. Relying only on one or two key pieces can result in an incomplete assessment (TRUE) OR (FALSE)

A

TRUE

37
Q

What are the PUBLIC HEALTH “Benefits” from the increased use of Technology? (5)

A

1) Increased prevention
2) Earlier detection of infectious disease
3) Better tracking of chronic disease
4) Better health evaluation measures
5) Accurate assessments of disease and disability burden in the community

38
Q

Define “Health Promotion

A

action or effort that supports the well being of the individual, groups and communities by decreasing risk of illness and injury

39
Q

TERTIARY PREVENTION deals with the _________

A

People that already have the illness

40
Q

Examples of SECONDARY PREVENTION interventions (2)

A

1) EARLY DIAGNOSIS—screening tests (ie, breast exam, pap smear, case findings)
2) ADEQUATE TREATMENT

41
Q

Describe “OBSERVATIONS” (community assessment)

Strengths?
Limitations?

A

OBSERVATION OF FORMAL OR INFORMAL COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES

STRENGTHS—indication of community priorities—environmental profile—ID of power structures

42
Q

Healthy People is Coordinated by _______________

A

US Department of Health and Human Services

43
Q

Equation for CRUDE MORTALITY RATE

A

Number of deaths divided by population total x 1,000 =_______________ per 1,000

44
Q

What are the roles of the Community Health nurse?

4

A

1) Interact with and establish community partners serving the community at large
2) Witness the interaction between the community program and the response of the client to the services.
3) identify future services
4) Coordination, continuity of care, evaluating outcomes

45
Q

Action taken prior to the onset of disease which removes the possibility that disease will ever occur

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

46
Q

Public Health Achievements (1900-1999)

A

Vacc. Vehemently Work IN Cardiac Stroke
Food Fluoride To Mothers Family

  • Vaccinations
  • Vehicle Safety
  • Workplace Safety
  • Decreased infectious diseases
  • Decreased Cardiac Disease
  • Decrease Stroke Death
  • Food Safety
  • Fluoridation in water
  • Tobacco = HAZARD
  • Mother / Baby (healthier)
  • Family Planning
47
Q

What are the “4” parts of Medicare??

A

PART A— hospital, home, hospice care and limited skilled nursing care

PART B– medical/diagnostic services, mh services, preventative care

PART C– a combination of Part A & Part B–typically provided through a private insurance

PART D – RX med coverage

48
Q

__________ and ____________ rates are used to measure the existence of a particular disease, and allows the nurse to compare the rate of disease from one population to another

A

INCIDENCE AND PREVELANCE

49
Q

“2” main components of a community assessment?

A

People

Places

50
Q

Define “PANDEMIC”

A

When an EPIDEMIC occurs in multiple countries or continents

51
Q

overall death rate is known as __________

A

CRUDE MORTALITY RATE

52
Q

An action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications

A

Secondary Prevention

53
Q

What is Autonomy?

A
  • Individuals right to make his or her own decision-actions which fulfill their goals
54
Q

Upstream thinking

A

use to focus on interventions that promote health or prevent illness, as opposed to medical treatment models that focus on care after they are ill.

55
Q

GOALS (6) of the PPACA

“Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act”

A 
Affordable insurance coverage
Access to primary care
Lower costs
Coverage up to 26 years of age
Ban lifetime limits 
Cover preventive care
56
Q

Report notifiable communicable diseases to_____________________

A

State Depart of Health

57
Q

Healthy People started in __________ and is completed every _____________

A

1979

10 years

58
Q

Define “Community Health Nursing”

A

A systematic process of delivering care to improve the health of the entire community

59
Q

What is accountability?

A

accepting responsibility for ones own actions

60
Q

The “2nd” major change to healthcare in the 21st century is “The patients’ responsibility for their own health”..What are the “4” things that THE PATIENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR?

A

1) Be an active participate
2) Review their own health records
3) Monitoring drugs (and their side effects)
4) Educating themself

61
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

the study of health related trends in populations for the purposes of disease prevention, health maintenance and health protection

62
Q

Describe “INTERVIEW” (community assessment)

Strengths?
Limitations?

A

DIRECT DISCUSSION WITH COMMUNITY MEMBERS FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING IDEAS AND OPINIONSN FROM KEY INFORMANTS

STRENGTHS— minimal cost—reading/writing of participants not required

LIMITATIONS—built in bias—meeting time & place

63
Q

Define “Community’

A

group of people and institutions that share geographic, civic and/or social parameters

64
Q

Types of services covered by Medicaid

A
  • In and Out Patient care
  • Lab | Radiology
  • Home health services
  • Vaccines

**Family Planning

  • Pregnancy care
  • <21 - Early and periodic screening, diagnosis and treatment
65
Q

When evaluating the “PEOPLE” component of the community assessment…what are the “5” things that evaluated?

A

1) Demographic (distribution, mobility, density)
2) Social (marital status, education, crime rate, occupation, recreation)
3) Biological (health/disease status, race, age, gender
4) Cultural (Language, religion, spirituality, values)
5) Vital Stats (birth/death rate)

66
Q

define “ENDEMIC”

A

Constant prescence of a disease or infectious agent within a given area (or group) without importation from outside

67
Q

Describe the Epidemiological Process (7)

A

1) Assessment –
2) Formulate theory using gathered information
3) Narrow down possibilities by gathering more info
4) Make a plan
5) Put plan in action
6) Evaluate plan to determine level of success
7) Report and Follow up

68
Q

SECONDARY PREVENTION deals with the ________ population

A

AT RISK

69
Q

Determinants of Health

A

factors that influence the clients health

  • nutrition
  • stress
  • education
  • education
  • environment
  • finances
70
Q

Systems thinking

A

studies how an individual, or unit, interacts with other organizations/systems.
**Useful in examining cause and effect

71
Q

Define “RISK”

A

Probability or likelihood that a disease or illness will occur in a group of people who presently do not have the problem

72
Q

_______________ is responsible for administration of the Medicaid program

A

State health agency

73
Q

What is Epidemiology used for…?

A

1) used to provide interventions for targeted groups
2) Numerical info about the impact of disease and death of populations
3) it provides a broad understanding of the spread, transmission, and incidence of disease and injury

74
Q

(BARRIERS) to implementing community health programs (7)

A

1) Poor assessment
2) Incomplete data
3) Not including community partners
4) Poor communication
5) Poor resources
6) Lack of planning
7) Poor Leadership

75
Q

Define “Epidemic”

A

An outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of a disease beyond that which is normally found in the population

76
Q

Mortality rates provide information about __________

A

Cause of death

77
Q

Population-based practice. the synthesis of nursing and public health within the context of preventing disease and disability and promoting and protecting the health of the entire community

A

Public Health nursing

78
Q

_________ is the physical, infectious, or chemical factor that causes a disease

A

THE AGENT

Epidemiological triangle

79
Q

___________ is the living being that an agent or the environment influences.

A

THE HOST

Epidemiological triangle

80
Q

__________________ is the setting or surrounding that sustains the host

A

THE ENVIRONMENT

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIANGLE

81
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIANGLE

Name —“2” PHYSICAL AGENTS
“2” CHEMICAL AGENTS
“2” INFECTIOUS AGENTS

A

“2” PHYSICAL AGENTS:

- ---noise
- ---temperature

“2” CHEMICAL AGENTS

- --drugs
- --toxins

“2” INFECTIOUS AGENTS

- --viruses
- --bacteria
82
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIANGLE

(7) Types of Susceptible Host(s):

A

“O GAG PIE”

O-ccupation

G-ender
A-ge
G-enetics

P-hysiological state
I-mmunological status
E-thnicity

83
Q

Difference between “INCIDENCE” and “PREVALENCE”

A

INCIDENCE is the # of NEW CASES and PREVALENCE involves the # of EXISTING CASES

84
Q

Probability or likelihood that a disease or illness will occur in a group of people who presently DO NOT have the problem

A

RISK

85
Q

Examples of “Primary Prevention”

A

1) nutrition education
2) family planning / sex education
3) smoking cessation
4) safety education (seat belts, helmets)

Nursing 250 (9 decks)

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