Consequences and responses Flashcards

1
Q

Give some examples of how higher incomes have changed consumer patterns

A
  • In the last 50 years, global meat consumption has quadrupled (environmental and health costs)
  • Coffee production has doubled since 1960 but an estimated 25 million growers are in extreme price volatility
  • 270 million tonnes of plastic produced in 2013 alone
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2
Q

Define ‘sustainability’

A

Meeting the needs of those present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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3
Q

Define ‘economic sustainability’

A

Individuals and communities should have access to a reliable income over time

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4
Q

Define ‘social sustainability’

A

All individuals should enjoy a reasonable quality of life

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5
Q

Define ‘environmental sustainability’

A

No lasting damage should be done to the environment, renewable resources must be managed in ways that guarantee continued use

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6
Q

Goods once sourced locally are now (1), negative effects of consumption are often (2) and consumers don’t always know the (3) e.g. (4) of cotton farmers

A

1 - imported
2 - away from the place consumers live
3 - full footprint of products
4 - pesticide exposure

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7
Q

Some groups promote (1) as a response to globalisation with the aim of (2). Localism describes a range of (3) to support local control of (4) and promotion of local (5)

A
1 - local sourcing 
2 - increasing sustainability 
3 - political philosophies that prioritise local 
4 - government 
5 - history, culture and identity
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8
Q

Give three costs of local sourcing on consumers, producers and environment

A

C - Local sourcing more expensive
P - Lack of economic development for places such as Ivory Coast
E - Heated greenhouses in UK have larger carbon footprint than imported Spanish tomatoes

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9
Q

Give three benefits of local sourcing on consumers, producers and environment

A

C - Organic farming methods have health benefits
P - UK farmers have moved up the value chain by manufacturing locally sourced items
E - 1992 Rio summit ‘Think global, act local’ to reduce carbon footprint

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10
Q

Describe the case study of the Winchester Action on Climate Change (WinACC)

A
  • local group aim to mitigate the negative effects of society
  • save energy in local homes
  • local council to support the emerging low carbon economy
  • discussions to reduce carbon footprint
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11
Q

Give an example of a local sourcing solution that aims to reduce carbon footprints

A

A carbon tax

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12
Q

Describe the case study of Todmorden

A
  • Transition town in the South Pennines
  • Food on sale is grown locally
  • Received National Lottery funding to create 40 public fruit and veg gardens
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13
Q

What is ethical consumption and positive buying?

A

Deliberately choosing a purchase because of the product’s ethical nature

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14
Q

What is the aim of ethical buying?

A

Reduce inequalities of global trade and improve the working conditions for disadvantaged groups

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15
Q

How does Ethical Consumer magazine promote positive buying?

A

Ratings tables for different products and services based on ethical criteria such as animal rights, human rights and pollution

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16
Q

Describe the fair trade system case study

A
  • seek greater equity in international trade
  • social, economic and environmental standards
  • offer rural families a stable income and protect their rights
  • progress towards living wage benchmarks
17
Q

Describe the Keep Britain Tidy case study

A
  • 1954 organisation formed by WI to address rising litter problem
  • 1969 tidyman logo to reduce litter and manage waste in environmentally friendly ways
18
Q

Describe supply chain monitoring

A
  • accept the need for corporate social responsibility

- TNCs have thousands of suppliers increasing the risk of branded products being linked to worker exploitation

19
Q

What did the Charity War on Want do?

A

Flew in a woman who was a fruit picker for Tesco to a shareholder meeting where she said there were no toilets for female workers so Tesco told the farm they would use a different farm unless conditions improved

20
Q

Describe traidcraft in Kenya

A
  • potential to increase exports through agricultural produce
  • over 60% of the population live on less than $2 a day
  • average annual income over $350
21
Q

What are the aims of traidcraft in Kenya?

A
  • help local businesses develop capacities
  • promote ethical trade policies
  • assist businesses improve their skills
22
Q

What are the aims of traidcraft?

A
  • break down barriers to prevent producers in poor countries
  • provide training, consultancy and internet services
  • advocate changes to work in favour of the poor
  • raise awareness of fair trade in the UK
23
Q

Why is present trading working against the poor?

A
  • goods not always freely traded
  • LEDCs don’t have as much subsidies as UK and USA
  • surplus suppliers to sell to other countries
24
Q

How is Senegal agricultural production affected by world trading patterns?

A
  • Need better storage facilities to compete with MEDC suppliers
  • IMF and World Bank dropped subsidies on Senegalese fertilisers so farmers are earning less
  • EU allowing foreigners to fish along Senegalese coast in return for debt
25
Q

In 2014, (1) tonnes of e-waste was discarded and made up a line (2) miles long, less than (3) was properly recycled. Per capita (4) had the largest e-waste whereas (5) had the lowest.

A
1 - 41.8 million 
2 - 14,300
3 - one-sixth 
4 - Norway 
5 - Africa
26
Q

Waste that could have been recovered and recycled was worth (1) including (2) tonnes of gold which is equal to (3)% of the world’s gold production in 2013

A

1 - $52 billion
2 - 300
3 - 11

27
Q

Name four global insecurities

A

Food, Water, Energy and Climate

28
Q

What is the cause and symptom of the food insecurity?

A
Cause - By 2050 food demand is likely to double worldwide 
Symptom - Middle class diets are characterised by consumption of meat and dairy and have a larger ecological footprint
29
Q

What is the cause and symptom of the water insecurity?

A

Cause - Food production depletes water supplies
Symptom - As societies develop economically and urbanise, everyday household water increases significantly. Popular global commodities e.g. choc, coffee and wine have a high water footprint

30
Q

What is the cause and symptom of the energy insecurity?

A

Cause - By 2035, it is predicted energy use will increase 50%
Symptom - Extraction of fossil fuels is environmentally damaging

31
Q

What is the cause and symptom of the climate insecurity?

A

Cause - Adoption of manufactured items increase average carbon footprint
Symptom - In 2013, carbon dioxide reached 400 parts per million