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Biology > ch 13 & 14 (genetic engineering & the human genome) > Flashcards

ch 13 & 14 (genetic engineering & the human genome) Flashcards

1
Q

how many automates and sex chromosomes dose the human have

A

autosomes: 44

sex chromosome:2

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2
Q

female

A

XX

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3
Q

male

A

XY

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4
Q

what do breeding charts show

A

the relationships within a family

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5
Q

transgenic organisms

A

organisms that contain DNA from other organisms

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6
Q

what does cloning result in

A

results in organisms with the same DNA as the parent organism

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7
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources (taking a gene from one organism and attaching it to the DNA of another organism)

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8
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms; a new technology that humans can use in order to alter the genome in organisms

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9
Q

what is Genetic Engineering also know as

A

GEne Manipulation

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10
Q

selective breeding

A

a method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
(which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation organisms, to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.)

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11
Q

inbreeding

A

the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.

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12
Q

hybridization

A

crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.

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13
Q

restriction enzymes

A

enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

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14
Q

what is the ultimate source of genetic variations?

A

mutations

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15
Q

how can breeders increase the genetic variation in a population

A

by inducing mutations,

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16
Q

what is an example of selective breeding

A

Nearly all domestic animals—including horses, cats, and farm animals—and most crop plants have been produced by selective breeding.

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17
Q

How are changes made to DNA?

A

Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules. Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.

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18
Q

gel electrophoresis aka fingerprinting

A

procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

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19
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene

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20
Q

plasmid

A

a small circular piece of DNA

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21
Q

genetic marker

A

gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don’t

22
Q

cloning

A

the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means

23
Q

karyotype

A

photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs

24
Q

polyploidy

A

condition in which an organism has extras sets of chromosomes

25
Q

why must the father of a girl who is colorblind must also be colorblind

A

because in order for a female to be colorblind it needs 2 recessive alleles. One will need to come from the father , meaning he is colorblind because there is not another X chromosome to cover up the recessive allele

26
Q

transgenic

A

organisms that contain genes from other species

27
Q

clone

A

a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

28
Q

sex chromosomes

A

one or two chromosomes that determine an idividulas sex (x and Y)

29
Q

autosome

A

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

30
Q

pedigree

A

a chart that shows relationships within a family

31
Q

sex-linked gene

A

genes located on the X and Y chromosomes

32
Q

nondisjunction

A

error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

33
Q

gene therapy

A

the process of changing the gene that causes a genetic disorder, an absence or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene

34
Q

what are some genetic disorders nondisjunction can result in

A

down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, and Turner’s syndrome

35
Q

what do biologists use to cut dna

A

restriction enzymes

36
Q

how is genetic engineering done? (steps)

A
  1. restriction enzymes are used to cut a segment of DNA from a cell (this segment has the desirable gene)
  2. a circular piece is cut away from the other organism’s DNA
  3. When both pieces from both organisms are mixed, they join in a closed loop
  4. the closed loop is inserted into another cell, of the organism that had the circular piece cut away
  5. the DNA will produce mRNA which leads to the making of the correct protein. and the DNA, RNA, and proteins will be produced every time the cell divides
37
Q

why do biologists cut a segment of DNA from a call during genetic engineering

A

this segment has the desirable gene

38
Q

what happens if transformation is successful?

A

the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.

39
Q

what are the risks of inbreeding

A

a chance that a cross between 2 individuals will bring together 2 recessive alleles for a genetic defect

40
Q

what would selective breeding be nearly imposible without

A

the diversity of plants and animals in the wild

41
Q

how does cloning happen? (steps)

A
  1. the nucleus is removed from a egg cell of an organism
  2. the nucleus is removed from a skin cell of an organism
  3. the nucleus from the skin cell is inserted into the egg cell (which has had the nucleus removed and now had no DNA)
  4. this fused cell is put in the right conditions so it can divide normally, creating an embryo
  5. the embryo is then inserted into the uterus of the foster mother
42
Q

what occurs during transformation

A

a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell this external DNA becomes a component of the cell’s DNA

43
Q

why is it 50/50 zygotes will be male or female

A

because all human egg cells carry a single x chromosme. however, half of all sperm cells carry an x chromosome and half carry a y chromosme

44
Q

what are the disorders caused by recessive alleles

A

albinism, cystic fibrosis, GALactosemia, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs disease

45
Q

disorders caused by D alleles

A

achondroplasia, Huntington disease, Hypercholesterolemia

46
Q

diorders cause by coD

A

sickle cell disease

47
Q

what are some sex-linked disorders

A

colorblindness,Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscualr Dystrophy

48
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
49
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function , but vary widely from one individual yo another, in order to identify individuals

50
Q

how is a persons blood type determined

A

by the absence or presence of 2 antigens

Biology (13 decks)

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