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Biology > ch 10 & 11 (cell growth & division) > Flashcards

ch 10 & 11 (cell growth & division) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main reasons why a cell cannot get too big

A
  • the larger a cell becomes, the harder it is for the cell to move enough substances through itself
  • a large cell also puts more demands on DNA
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2
Q

what is meiosis

A

gamete production

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3
Q

what are the phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each one?

A

G1 phase- cell growth
S phase- DNA replication
G2 Phase-Preparing for mitosis
M phase- Mitosis and cell division

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4
Q

what is mitosis divided into

A

prophase, metaphase, Anaphase and telophase

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5
Q

what is mitosis

A

the division of the nucleus

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6
Q

what is cytokines

A

the division of the cytoplasm

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7
Q

what is cell division

A

the process by which a cell divides into 2 daughter cells

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8
Q

how dose cell division solve problems of increasing size

A

by reducing cell volume

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9
Q

centromere

A

the area where a pair of chromatin attach

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10
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

the series of events that a cell goes through as they grow and divide

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11
Q

what is the spindle

A

a fan-like micro tube structure that helps separate chromosomes

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12
Q

during meiosis 1 what happens in inter-phase 1?

A

cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes

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13
Q

during meiosis 1 what happens in phrophase 1

A

each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad

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14
Q

during meiosis 1 what happens in metaphase 1

A

spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes

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15
Q

during meiosis 1 what happens in anaphase

A

the fibers pull the homologus chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell

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16
Q

during meiosis 1 what happens in telophase and cytokinesis

A

nuclear membranes form. the cell separates into two cells

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17
Q

during meiosis 2 what happens in phrophase 2

A

meiosis 1 results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell

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18
Q

during meiosis 2 what happens in metaphase 2

A

the chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis

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19
Q

during meiosis 2 what happens in anaphase 2

A

the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cells

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20
Q

during meiosis 2 what happens in telophase 2 and cytokinesis

A

meiosis 2 results in 4 haploid (N) daughter cells.

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21
Q

2N

A

diploid

22
Q

N

A

haploid

23
Q

what are the two main stages of cell division

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

24
Q

chromosomes

A
  • passes genetic info. from a generation to another

- made of DNA bound to proteins

25
Q

when a cell divides in the cell cycle what is formed

A

two genetically identical daughter cells

26
Q

what happens in interphase during the cell cycle

A

the cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles

27
Q

what happens in prophase during the cell cycle

A

the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The centrioles separate, and a spindle begins to form. the nuclear envelope breaks down

28
Q

what happens in metaphase during the cell cycle

A

the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere

29
Q

what happens in anaphase during the cell cycle

A

the sister chromatids seperates into individual chromosomes and are moved apart

30
Q

what happens in telophase during the cell cycle

A

the chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes will form

31
Q

what happens in cytokinesis during the cell cycle

A

the cytoplasm pinches in half. each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicite chromosomes

32
Q

what are 3 different types cell cycle regulations

A

cyclins, INternal regulators,external regulators

33
Q

cyclins,

A

regulate the timing of cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

34
Q

iNternal regulators

A

proteins that respond to events inside the cell

35
Q

external regulators

A

protines that respond to events outside the cell

36
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell growth

cells that do not respond to signals that regulate the growth of the cells

37
Q

what are some causes of cancer

A

smoking tobacco
radiation exposure
viral infection

38
Q

what gene is linked to cancer

A

p 53, which normally halts the cell cycle unti all chromosomes have been properly replicated

39
Q

what are gamates, what are they specificly in male and females

A

sex cells
females- eggs
males-sperm

40
Q

what are some other reasons why cells divide

A

growth
repair
asexual reproduction

41
Q

diploid/2N

A
  • fullest set of chromosomes

- contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

42
Q

how many chromosomes doe a human cell have

A

46

43
Q

where do you get your 46 chromosomes?

A

23 from mom

23 from dad

44
Q

haploid/N

A

1/2 set of chromosomes

45
Q

what cells are haploids in humans, how many chromosomes do they have

A

sex cells/gamates

23 chromosomes

46
Q

what are the two stages of meiosis

A

meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

47
Q

tetrad

A

a structure formed by chromosomes paring with is corresponding homologous chromosome
(paring of homologous chromosomes)

48
Q

WHEN Chromosomes are normally visible

A

when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division

49
Q

what is crossing-over

A

when tetrads exchange portions of their chromatids

50
Q

what are some similarities between mitosis and meiosis

A
  • both processes begin with diploid cells

- both considered as cell division

51
Q

what are some differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis
produces 2 genetically identical diploid cells,asextual reproduction,1 division

meiosis
produces 4 genetically different haploid cells, sextual reproduction, 2divisions

52
Q

what is a homologous chromosome

A

chromosomes that are approximately the same size and contain same types of genes in the same locations

Biology (13 decks)

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