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Vet. Bacteriology > Topics 1-10 > Flashcards

Topics 1-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Generally characterize Bb.

A
  • most simple living organsim
  • greatest biomass
  • unique cell structure
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2
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nuclear membrane

A

No

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3
Q

Taxonomic units bc they are useful to know anyways

A
  • domain
  • regnum
  • phyllum
  • classis
  • ordo
  • familia
  • genus
  • species
  • -strains
  • -serotypes
  • -biotypes
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4
Q

Where can one find the largest percentage of bb

A

Deep sea

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5
Q

Most Bb are pathogenic T/F

A

False

the majority of Bb are saprophytes

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6
Q

What difficulties might a path Bb encounter in the host

A
  • limited oxy
  • limited iron - since most of it is bound
  • toxic radicals
  • immune system
  • body temp
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7
Q

Name common shapes of Bb

A
  • spherical
  • rod
  • spiral
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8
Q

Size of Bb

A

0,2 - 100 micrometer

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9
Q

Aims of Bb culture

A
  • isolation of infectious agent
  • antibiotic susceptibility test
  • vaccine prod
  • industry
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10
Q

Direct methods of detecting Bb

A
  • smear
  • impression smear
  • PCR
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11
Q

Indirect method of detecting Bb

A
  • animal trial

- inoculation onto a medium

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12
Q

What has to be considered when composing a medium

A
  • water
  • C-sources
  • N-Sources
  • Vitamins and additives
  • osmotic pressure
  • pH
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13
Q

Water % of Bb cell

A

80-90%

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14
Q

C-sources in medium

A

organic C-sources - Saccharides, alcohols, glycosides

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15
Q

N-Sources in medium

A
  • anorg. - ammonium salts, nitrates
  • amino-acids
  • oligopeptides - Peptone, Triptone (digested muscle)
  • Native Protein
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16
Q

Vitamins, additives in medium

A
  • B1 - for Bb in cheese prod.
  • B2 - most lactobacilli
  • X,V Factor
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17
Q

What’s V-Factor

A

NAD

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18
Q

What’s X-Factor

A

Haemin

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19
Q

Osmotic pressure in a medium

A

should be on par with 0.9% NaCl solution

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20
Q

pH of a medium

A

7,2 - 7,4

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21
Q

Classification of media acc. to origin

A
  • natural
  • synthetic
  • artificial
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22
Q

Class. of media acc. to state

A
  • solid
  • semisolid
  • liquid
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23
Q

Class. of media acc. to aim of culture

A
  • common - basic nutrient capable of sustaining growth for less fastidious Bb
  • selective - contain inhobitory substances that prevent growth of unwanted Bb
  • differential - designed to give identification due to the biochem. reactions in media - often contain pH indicator
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24
Q

Melting point of Agar-agar

A

85-90°c

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25
Q

Solidifying Point of Agar-agar

A

45-50°c

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26
Q

In which medium is a motility test conducted

A

semisolid medium

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27
Q

What kind of medium is a petridish blood agar

A
  • solid
  • artificial
  • differential
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28
Q

What is a chocolate agar?

A

heat treated blood agar

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29
Q

How to make chocolate agar

A

heat treat blood agar for 20 min with 80°c

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30
Q

Where to label petri dish

A

on the agar side!

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31
Q

After inoculation how many °C for incubation

A

37°c

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32
Q

What do microaerophile Bb need

A

4*6% pO2 pressure

10% CO2

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33
Q

What do Capnophile Bb need

A

5-10% CO2

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34
Q

Name methods to create an anaerobe culture

A
  • candle jar
  • biological O2 binding
    -chemical
    –pirogallic acid + KOH
    – H2 + pallidium catalisator
    …
    -vacuum pump
    -anaeroic broth
    -deep agar
    -pre reduced media
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35
Q

Visible light wavelength

A

400-700 nm

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36
Q

What do we use to better see the sample under microscope?

A

Immersion oil, immersion objective

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37
Q

What’s the resolving power of a light microscope

A

0,2-0,4 microm

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38
Q

What’s the magnification potential of a light microscope

A

1200-1500 x

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39
Q

What is a darkfiel microscope used for

A

Investigation of motile Bb

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40
Q

Name the essential cell components of a bb cell

A
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasmic membrane
  • nuclear material
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41
Q

Non essential cell components

A
  • capsule
  • flagella
  • fimbriae
  • spore
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42
Q

What is a cell wall good for

A
  • protection
  • -mechanical effects, osmosis
  • transport
  • shape
  • staining
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43
Q

Cell wall contains what

A

Peptidoglycan

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44
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycane

A
  • N-acetylglucosamine
  • N-acetylmuramic acid
  • peptide units
  • peptide interbridges ( may be missing)
  • Lysosome
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45
Q

Describe a Gram+ cell wall

A
  • 90%peptidoglycane
  • teichoic acid, carbohydrates, proteins, lipoids, waxes
  • antigen
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46
Q

Describe a Gram- cell wall

A
  • lipopolysacharide complex (toxic)
  • porins
  • cell wall antigen
  • endotoxin (LPS is toxic)
  • less peptidoglycane
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47
Q

Peptide interbridges Gram+ /Gram-

A

Gram+: yes

Gram-: No

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48
Q

What’s the cytoplasmic membrane used for

A
  • barrier, transport, elimination of waste material

- internal part hydrophobic - barrier to hydrophilic molecules

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49
Q

What are mesosomes

A

Mesosomes or chondrioids are folded invaginations in the plasma membrane of bacteria that are produced by the chemical fixation techniques used to prepare samples for electron microscopy.

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50
Q

What can be found in the Cytoplasm

A
  • dissolved nuclear material
  • enzymes for protein synthesis
  • ribosomes
  • -ribonucleoproteins
  • -rRna
  • inclusions
  • lipid granules
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51
Q

Bb have nuclear membrane T/F

A

F

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52
Q

Which form can the chromosome take on

A
  • single
  • circular (Plasmid)
  • superhelix
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53
Q

What is in a Capsule

A
  • polysaccharide
  • polypeptide
  • hyaluronic acid
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54
Q

Function of a capsule

A
  • Protection

- adhesion

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55
Q

Organ which makes the Bb motile

A

Flagella

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56
Q

Length of a flagellum

A

15-20 microm , very thin

57
Q

Flagella are considered an antigen T/F

A

T

58
Q

Very small hair on the surface of a Bb

A

Fimbria

59
Q

Size of a fimbrium

A

4-10 nm

60
Q

Which kinds of fimbria are there

A

simple - adhesion fimbriae

sex fimbriae - conjugation

61
Q

Small particles produced for survival of the Bb

A

Endospores

62
Q

In which state are endospores mostly

A

dormant

63
Q

When are spores produced

A

When the conditions worsen for the active Bb and nutrients run low

64
Q

Name the spore producing pathogens

A
  • Bacillus, Paenibacilus

- Clostridium

65
Q

What are endospores resistant against?

A
  • heat
  • chemicals
  • irradiation
66
Q

Do spores have their own metabolism

A

NO

67
Q

Staining of Endospores

A

are impenetrable for most dyes

- Ziehl Neelsen

68
Q

Activation of Endospores is called what

A

Germination

69
Q

What do endospores need to germinate

A
  • heat, acidity
  • nutrients , water
  • decomposition of their cortex and coat
70
Q

Layers of an Endospore

A
  • core
  • cytoplasmic membrane
  • cell wall
  • spore coat ( chitin)
  • exosporium lipoprotein mem.
71
Q

Unstained examination of Bb. How and what can be seen

A 
The shape, size, arrangement and movement can be observed. 
Methods:
-wet chamber, hanging drop
Microscopes:
-dark field microscope
-phase contrast microscope
72
Q

Name substances used for simple staining

A
  • hematoxylin, litmus

- anilin dyes: crystal violet, fuchsin, safranin, methylene blue

73
Q

Name differential staining methods

A

-Gram (general)
-Ziehl Neelsen (acid- and alcohol fast)
-Köster (Brucella)
-Stamp/mod. Ziehl Neelsen
(Chlamydia-Chlamydophila)

74
Q

How much % of Water in Bb

A

75-80%

75
Q

How much % Mineral in Bb

A

2-15%

76
Q

How much % Proteins in Bb

A

2-15%

77
Q

How much % Carbohydrates in Bb

A

<50%

78
Q

How much % Lipid in Bb

A

2-40%

79
Q

How can Bb metabolise

A
  • catabolic processes
  • anabolic processes
  • watery phase
80
Q

Do Bb have Enzymes

A

Yes

81
Q

What kind of Enzymes do Bb have

A
  • IC Enzymes
    -EC Enzymes
    mainly induced enzymes
82
Q

How do Nutrients get into the cell

A
  • through the cell wall
  • porins
  • transport proteins
83
Q

Bb which do not need organic materials

A

autotrophic Bb

84
Q

What do heterotrophic Bb need

A

organic materials

85
Q

Faculatative heterotrophic Bb metabolise how

A

when no organic nutrients are available inorganic ones are used

86
Q

What are photoautotrophs

A

organisms derive their energy for food synthesis from light and are capable of using carbon dioxide as their principal source of carbon.

87
Q

What are Chemoautotrophs

A

Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia. Most chemoautotrophs are extremophiles

88
Q

Where do heterotroph. Bb derive organic C

A

carbohydrates, alcohols, AA

89
Q

Where do heterotroph. BB get N from

A

AA , proteins

90
Q

What are paratrophic Bb

A

show no propagation on media

91
Q

Which Bb show no propagation on media

A

paratrophic Bb

92
Q

What does Lactobacillus need for energy production

A

organic C

93
Q

Name the processes of Carbohydrate metabolism

A
  • oxidation
  • fermentation
  • decarboxylation
  • deamination
  • hydrolysis
94
Q

Generally what is fermentation

A

oxidation with dehydrogenation

95
Q

What happens in fermentation with excess carbohydrates

A

lactic acid is produced

96
Q

Oxidation can only occur..

A

..in the presence of oxygen

97
Q

Can Bb use the citrate cycle

A

Yes

98
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place in Bb as they have no mitochondira

A

accross the plasma membrane

99
Q

How do anaerobic Bb produce metabolize Energy seeing as they can not use the citric acid cycle

A

-fermentation

100
Q

Name the anaerobic genera

A
  • Clostridium
  • Actinomyces
  • Fusobacterium
  • Bacteroides, Dichelobacter
  • Brachyspira
101
Q

Name the aerobic genera

A
  • BAcillus
  • Micrococcus
  • Mycobycterium
  • Nocardia
  • Brucella
  • Pseudomonas, Burkholderia
  • Bordetella
  • Moraxella
102
Q

How can facultative anaerobic Bb produce energy

A
  • oxidation

- fermentation

103
Q

Describe the synthesis of polysaccharides

A
  • glycogen
  • mucopeptides
  • teichoic acid
  • polysaccharide
104
Q

Name N sources of Bb

A
  • protein
  • AA
  • other nitrogen compounds
  • ammonium salts
  • N2
105
Q

Why do Bb need N

A
  • protein demand
  • AA demand
  • inorganic nitrogen demand
106
Q

Name the two sorts of proteolytic Bb

A

aerobic/anaerobic proteolytic Bb

107
Q

What do proteolytic Bb produce

A
  • AA

- end products of AA

108
Q

List the different ways of N metabolism

A
  • proteolytic Bb
  • utilising AA and other N compounds
  • utilising ammonium salts and ammonia
  • utilising N
109
Q

How can Bb utilise AA

A
  • decarboxylation

- deamination

110
Q

What are the products of AA utilisation

A
  • amines
  • NH3, H2, CO2, H2O
  • acetic acid, lactic acid
  • ketoacids
111
Q

Where could ammonia using Bb be found

A

Ru

112
Q

Where can Bb synthesize AA

A

in the cytoplasm, polyribosomes

113
Q

How can Bb synthesize Glu, Arg, PRo

A

alpha-ketoglutaric acid + NH3+NADH-PO4

114
Q

What can Bb synthesize out of Pyruvic acid

A

Ala, Val, Leu

115
Q

What can Bb synthesize out of P-enol-pyruvic acid

A

Phe

116
Q

What can Bb synthesize out of oxalacetate

A

Asp, Met, Lys, Thr

117
Q

All Bb need the same Aas T/F

A

F

118
Q

Detail the role of Bb in nitrogen cycle

A
  • decomp. of dead animals and plants
  • end product of the decomp NH3
  • prod. of NO2, NO3 - utilised by plants
119
Q

All Bb utilise lipids T/F

A

F

120
Q

What can some Bb use lipids for

A

Energy prod. ,synthesis

121
Q

What can Bb synthesize with lipids

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, cell wall, LPS

122
Q

Demand on Vit. E from some Bb T/F

A

F

123
Q

Demand on Vit. B from some Bb T/F

A

T

124
Q

Name additives some Bb have a demand for

A
  • NAD
  • haem
  • mycobactin
125
Q

What are pigments

A

secondary metabolites

126
Q

What are pigments good for

A
  • Protection
  • -light
  • -redox processes
127
Q

Detection of enzymes and metabolites of N metabolism

A
  • nitrate red.
  • urease prod.
  • phenylalaninedeaminase
  • H2S prod.
  • indole prod.
  • decarboxylase
128
Q

Detection and test for Barbohydrate met.

A
  • ut. of Ch - gas prod.
  • methyl red test
  • Voges Proskauer test
  • litmus milk - differential milk based medium
  • oxidation-fermentation
  • oxidase test
  • catalase test
129
Q

List extracellular enzymes

A
  • proteolytic enzymes
  • gelatine hydrolysis
  • coagulase
  • lecitinase
  • lipase
  • phosphatase
130
Q

Utilising of Bb activity (19)

A
  • decomposition
  • mineralisation
  • handling of manure
  • sewage water
  • self cleaning of natural water
  • silage
  • pickling
  • dairy products
  • fermentation industry
  • prod. of enzymes
  • prod. of hormones
  • antibiotic prod.
  • biogas prod.
  • microbial insecticides
  • paint digesting
  • bioremediation
  • biomining
  • desulphurization of coal
  • artificial snow
131
Q

How can Bb decompose

A
  • carbon cycle
  • -CO2, H2O
  • nitrogen cycle
  • -NH3, N2
  • sulphur cycle
132
Q

What conditions are important for manure handling

A

-anaerobic conditions - so no NH3 can be lost

133
Q

How does Bb self sterilize

A

-heat production

134
Q

How does Bb provide nutrients for plants in manure

A

NH3 - NO2 - NO3

135
Q

How does Bb help in sewage water

A

-filtration

136
Q

Bb helps how in sewage Water

A

-filtration

137
Q

How does Bb clean water

A
  • Bb overload - can block Bb
138
Q

What gets produced in silage

A
  • lactic acid

- heat prod.

Vet. Bacteriology (12 decks)

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