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RUSVM Bacteriology > Fun-guys 2 > Flashcards

Fun-guys 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s is the most frequent yeast pathogen ?

A

Candida albicans

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2
Q

Candida albicans is a normal flora of. ??

A

Mouth, intestine, lower urogenital tract

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3
Q

What type of organism is Candida albicans?

A

Yeast (stains gram positive)

Can reversible transition of pseudohyphae and hyphae

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4
Q

T/F: Candida albicans are obligate pathogens of the skin and mucosa

A

False

Opportunistic

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5
Q

What disease is caused by Candida albicans, causing a white-yellow hyperkeratotic lesion?

A

Thrush

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6
Q

What are the lesions caused by Candida albicans ?

A

Plaques in tongue, mouth, proventriculus, and stomach => White-yellow hyperkeratotic

Systemic -> mastitis

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7
Q

How do you diagnose, treat and control Candida albicans?

A

Gram stain -> see yeas
Culture (aerobic/fungal)

Prevent predisposition

Treatment: Anti-fungal drugs

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Malassezia pachydermatis?

A

Thick walled
Bottle shaped yeast
Lipophilic

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9
Q

Where does malassezia pachydermatis live?

A 
Commensalism of skin 
Dog ear (otitis externa)
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10
Q

What are the two species of cryptococcus and what habitats are they associated with?

A

C. Neoformans- pigeon dropping

C. Gattii -eucalyptus tree

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11
Q

What are the most common species infected by crytococcus?

A

Cats

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12
Q

Shape of cryptococcus?

A

Large round to oval

Mucopolysacchardie capsule prominent

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13
Q

What is an in house test you can do to diagnose crytococcus infection?

A

India ink stain -> see large mucopolysaccharide capsule (important virulence factor)

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14
Q

What lesions does cryptococcus neoformans cause in cats?

A

Chronic granulomatous inflammation

  • upper respiratory
  • CNS

Gelatinous mass due to capsule

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15
Q

What lesions does cryptococcus neoformans cause in dog?

A

Granuloma

  • skin
  • eye
  • lymph node
  • rarely pneumonia
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16
Q

T/F: humans can get crytococcus from direct contact with their animal

A

False

By inhalation from environment

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17
Q

How do you treat cryptococcus?

A

Long term treatment

Amphotericin B, flucytosine, Azole

Surgical removal of mass

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18
Q

If CNS disease due to crytococcus is suspected, what should you collect and what test should you run?

A

Serum

ELISA or latex agglutination

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19
Q

How do you prevent crytococcus ?

A

Avoid pigeon dropping

Clean and disinfect bird habitat

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20
Q

What is a thermally dimorphic fungi?

A

Single cell (yeast) or spherical form at body temp and mold at ambient environmental temp

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21
Q

What are the the species of thermally dimorphic fungi?

A

Histoplasma
Blastomyces
Coccidiodes
Sporothrix

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22
Q

What is the most common systemic fungus?

A

Balstomycosis

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23
Q

Who gets blastomyces infections?

A

Dog and human (most common)

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24
Q

What disease is balsomycosis?

A

Usually disseminated

Pyogranulomatous/granulomatous host response
Pulmonary, cutaneous, ocular, and bone

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25
Q

How do you diagnose a blastomyces infection??

A

Direct stain -gram or PAS (yeast)
Fungal culture
Serology
Biopsy/histopathology

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26
Q

How do you treat blastomyces infection?

A

Drugs - amphotericin or itraconazole (or both just to be safe)

Success depends on severity

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27
Q

Histoplasma casulatum usually infects what tissue

A

In macrophages of intestines, lungs, mesenteric lymph nodes

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28
Q

What are the BSL3 fungi?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis

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29
Q

What areas are endemic to histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi

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30
Q

Where in the enviro is histoplasma commonly found?

A

Dark, moist soil covered in bird dropping (roosts) or bat droppings (caves)

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31
Q

How is histoplasmosis transmitted?

A

Dry, dusty conditions and disturbance of soil

Inhalation

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32
Q

Who is infected by histoplasmosis ?

A

Cat and dog and Hooman

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33
Q

What is the 2nd most common systemic fungal infection in cats?

A

Histoplasmosis

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34
Q

Granulomatous chorioretinitis is the most common ocular form of _____________ (fungus) in __________ (species )

A

Histoplasmosis; cat

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35
Q

What disease is caused by histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Chronic/active respiratory disease
Intestinal

Granulomatous inflammation

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36
Q

T/F: histoplasmosis is contagious from animal to animal

A

False

Usually from environment

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37
Q

How do you diagnose coccidioides immitus and histoplasma capsulatum

A

Microscopic detection
Culture (BSL3 )
Serology
Antigen detection

38
Q

How do you treat coccidioides immitus and histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Azole (iraconazole) and Amphoterocin B

39
Q

How do you control histoplasma and coccidioides infections

A

Reduce airborne spread of droppings/contaminated dust

40
Q

What is the form of coccidioides immitis found in the body?

A

Large thick walled sphericles containing endospores

41
Q

What is the geographical distribution of coccidiodies immitis?

A

Southwest US

42
Q

What species are most commonly infected by coccidioides ?

A

Dog, horse, human

43
Q

What disease is caused by coccidiodies ?

A

Mild infection
Respiratory or disseminated disease
Osteomyelitis (most common disseminated form)

Granulomatous host response

44
Q

What do you inhale to become infected by coccidioides ?

A

Arthroconidia

45
Q

A 3-4yr old donkey, has abscesses around its neck, is emaciated, anemic, and has lymphadenopathy. Histology shows spherules containing endospores. What is this?

A

Coccidioides immitus

46
Q

What shape are Sporothrix schenkii?

A

Cigar-shaped, elongated, pleomorphic yeast in tissue

47
Q

How does one usually get a Sporothrix schenkii infection?

A

Fungas lives in moss, hay and in plant material..

Course stemmed, thorny/woody plants -> puncture wound

AKA rose gardeners syndrome

48
Q

What disease is caused by sporothrix schnekii

A

Subcutaneous nodules in skin and regional lymphatic involvement

Rare becomes disseminated

49
Q

Sporothrix most commonly infects what hosts?

A

Cat and horse

50
Q

How do you diagnose Sporothrix ?

A

Microscopic detection (cigar shaped yeast)

Culture

51
Q

How do you treat and control Sporothrix ?

A

Azole
Potassium iodide give orally

Avoid mechanical injury from reservoir sources

52
Q

What assay is used for general screening of invasive fungal diseases?

A

Beta-D glucon assay

53
Q

What serology should be used to detect crytococcus neoformans?

A

Latex agglutination test

-> detection of capsular polysaccharide antigens in serum or CSF

54
Q

What are saprophytic filamentous fungi?

A

Zygomycets
Hyaline
Phaeoid/Dematiaceous fungus

55
Q

T/F: saprophytic filamentous fungi infect healthy, immuno competent animals

A

False

56
Q

What are the most common diseases caused by saprophytic filamentous fungi?

A 
Abortion 
Pneumonia/airsacculitis
Nasal granuloma 
Guttural pouch 
Subcutaneous infection 
Keratitis 
Disseminated disease
57
Q

Aspergillosis is invades the host by?

A

Damaged tissue

Likes to invade blood vessesl

58
Q

Aspergillus causes what infections in dogs and horse?

A

Nasal/sinus/guttural pouch (allergic/bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)

Keratitis

59
Q

What is a predisposition for guttural pouch mycosis?

A

Strangles

Staph equi

60
Q

In ruminants aspergillus causes?

A

Abortion

Placentitis

-leathery skin lesions

61
Q

German shepherds are predisposed to ___________ form of aspergillus

A

Disseminated infection

Invade blood vessel, pulmonary embolism, symptomatic occlusion of hepatic vein, renal papillary necrosis.

62
Q

Spores produced by aspergillus can lead to abscesses where?

A

Brain, kidney, and liver

63
Q

What environment do aspergillus live in?

A

Hot humid

64
Q

Who is usually infected by aspergillus ?

A

Stressed or immunocompromised animas

  • concurrent disease
  • poor diet
  • prolonged antibiotic therapy
  • trauma
  • immunosuppressive therapy
  • poor husbandry
65
Q

What lesions are formed by aspergillus?

A

Acute supepurative to Granulomatous

Caseous lessons with avian pneumonia (brooder pneumonia)

Invasion of blood vessels leads to thrombus formation

66
Q

Leathery skin lesions on a aborted fetus is characteristic of what fungus?

A

Aspergillus

67
Q

What is mycotic rumenitis?

A

Fungi invade the rumen

Follows a change of rumenal pH (food changes)

68
Q

Inhalation of spores can lead to what condition in dogs

A

Mycotic sinusitis

69
Q

What is the main presentation of equine with a guttural pouch emphysema/mycosis

A

Epitaxis (nose bleed)

70
Q

How do you diagnose aspergillus?

A

Culture
Serology
Direct demonstration

71
Q

How do you treat aspergillus

A

Amphotericin, itraconazole

Prolonged treatments

Surgical removal of tissue

72
Q

What is prototheca?

A

Achlorophyllous algae

73
Q

What are the the species of prototheca?

A

P. Zopfii

P. Wickerhamii

74
Q

What environments can prototheca be found in?

A

Warm, nutrient rich, aqueous

75
Q

What prototheca causes disseminated disease in dog, mastitis in cattle, and cutaneous disease in cats and hooman?

A

P. Zopfii

76
Q

What prototheca causes cutaneous diseas in cat and hooman

A

P. Zopfii

P. Wickerhamii

77
Q

How do you diagnose prototheca?

A

Microscopic

Culture

78
Q

How do you treat prototheca ?

A

Surgical excision of focal cutaneous lesion

Antimicrobials treatment generally fail

P. Wickerhamii is more susceptible (amphoterocin B/tetracycline, Azole)

79
Q

How do you control prototheca?

A

Avoid stagnant water

Not transmissible between hosts

80
Q

What are the water molds?

A

Oomycetes

Pythium insidiosum and lagenidium spp

81
Q

What disease does oomyctes cause in animals?

A

Cat and hooman- cutaneous

Dog- cutaneous and GI

Human- arteritis, keratitis, periorbial cellulitis, cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions

82
Q

P. Insidiosum in called ____________ in horse causing what lesions?

A

Swamp water/ Kunkers

Granulomatous lesions

83
Q

How do you diagnose oomycetes?

A

Cytology
Histopathology
Serology
Culture

84
Q

Treatment of oomyctes

A

Unrewarding (poor prognosis)

Aggressive surgical resection
Usually present late in course
Vaccine?

85
Q

White nose syndrome is in what species? What fungi is it?

A

Bat

Pesudogymnoascus destrucans

On skin, muzzle, ear, and wings

86
Q

What fungal causes cutaneous disease is amphibians

A

Chytridomycosis
Batrachocytrium dendrobatidis

Bad respiration and skin infection

87
Q

What causes nasal polyps and cutaneous cysts in mammals and birds?

A

Rhinosporidium (not a true fungus)

88
Q

Pneumocystis causes what disease ?

A

Pneumonia

Also in human

89
Q

What are mycotoxins?

A

Secondary metabolites produced by fungi that are capable of causing disease and death in human and other animals

90
Q

What are the major mycotoxins?

A 
Aflatoxin 
Ergot alkaloids 
Fumosinin 
Ochratoxin 
Zeralenone (corn)
91
Q

What causes cutaneous lesions in bottle nose dolphins

A

Lacazia lobi

92
Q

What microsporidian parasite infects rabbit kidneys and brain

A

Ecephalitozoon cuniculi

RUSVM Bacteriology (7 decks)

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