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RUSVM Bacteriology > Spirochetes > Flashcards

Spirochetes Flashcards

1
Q

Are spirochetes considered gram + or -

A

Gram -

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2
Q

What is the morphological appearance of spirochetes?

A

Slender, helically coiled, spiral organisms

Move with corkscrew or flexing motion

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3
Q

T/F: spirochetes are well demonstrated with gram stain

A

F

Dark field microscopy or silver stain is better

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4
Q

Where is the flagella located on a spirochete?/

A

Periplasmic space –> gives the coiled morphology and movement in viscous environment

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5
Q

What are the members of the spirochetes

A

Bracyspira
Borrelia
Treponema
Leptospira (Dr Rajeev’s fav)

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6
Q

What is the most prevalent and widespread zoonosis ?

A

Leptospirosis

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7
Q

How are leptospira servers organized

A

Carbohydrate components in bacterial outer membrane

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8
Q

The genospecies of leptospira is based on?

A

DNA homologs

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9
Q

Where are leptospira maintained in reservoir animals?

A

Renal tubules

Excreted through urine

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10
Q

How is leptospira transmitted?

A

Reservoir sp excrete in urine

Animals get it from direct contact or contaminated environment

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11
Q

How does disease cause by leptospira differ between humans, livestock, and companion animals?

A

Humans and companion animals: flu like illness and protean manifestations
Complications from renal, pulmonary, hepatic, and CNS disease

Livestock: disease of production and reproduction

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12
Q

What are the virulence factors of leptospira?

A

Cell associated

  • endoflagella
  • outer membrane proteins
  • LPS

Extracellular

  • hymolyins
  • protein cytotoxins
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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of leptospira?

A

Entry across mucosa -> phase of bacteremia -> colonization of proximal kidney tubules (genital mucosa)

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14
Q

Pathology associated with leptospira

A

Acute/chronic inflammation

Bacteremic phase - intravascular haemolyis petechial heamorrhage and DIC (endotoxin release), jaundie (hepatitis), nephritis, placentitis, mastitis.

Local infections of genital tract -> infertility (salpingitis)

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15
Q

Dog

PU/PD
Vomiting 
Diarrhea 
Inappetene 
Lethargy 
Abdominal pain 
Icterus
A

Leptospirosis

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16
Q

What does leptospirosis cause in dogs?

A

Renal or hepatic injury -> icterus

Uveitis

Bleeding abnormalities and DIC -> pulmonary hemorrhage

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17
Q

How do you diagnose leptospira infection?

A

Dark field microscopy
FA
PCR
Culture

Microscopic agglutination
ELISA

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18
Q

What is the gold standard test for leptospira

A

Microscopic agglutination test

Measuring Ab titers using agglutination

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19
Q

What are downfalls to microscopic agglutination test (MAT)

A

Difficult to standardize - lab to lab variations

Requires live cultures and technical expertise

Vaccine-induced Ab my interfere

Reported to be serovar specific but cross reactivity is common

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20
Q

What are the ideal samples taken for diagnostic tests to maximize diagnosistic sensitivity for leptospira ?

A

PCR/FA - blood or urine

MAT - serum

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21
Q

How is leptospira treated?

A

Supportive therapy

Antimicrobial s

Penicillins -acute disease
Doxycycline - post exposure prophylactic/minimize carrier state

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22
Q

How do we prevent leptospira ?

A

Vaccination

Minimize exposure to surface waters contaminated by reservoir hosts

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23
Q

What leptospira serovar is host adapted to cattle resulting in reproductive failure

A

Leptospira borgpetersennii

-> embryonic death and repeat breeding

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24
Q

Cattle

High fever, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, pulmonary congestion, meningitis, and death

A

Leptospirosis

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25
Q

How should you collect your sample for leptospira testing?

A

Urine mid stream for FA/PCR
Overnight shipping under refrigeration conditions

Serum for MAT

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26
Q

How should you treat and prevent a leptospira infection in the ruminants?

A

Long acting tetracycline s
Sustained-release ceftiofur

Vaccine for L. Borgpetersenii

27
Q

What are the most commons serovar of equine leptospirosis?

A

L Pomona

L grippotyphosa

28
Q

What is most commonly seen in horses with leptospirosis ?

A

Abortions

Systemic illness in foals -> hemolysis, vasculitis with petechial hemorrhanges, hemoglobinuria, anemia, icterus, and conjunctival suffusion

29
Q

What leptospira serovar are seen in pigs

A

Pomona

Bratislava

30
Q

What does leptospirosis cause in pigs?

A

Reproductive failure -> infertility and abortion

31
Q

________________ serovar is endemic in California sea lions

A

Leptospira Pomona

32
Q

What are the symptoms of leptospira in humans

A

Influenza like (mild- subclinical)

Hepatic and renal failure (Weil’s disease) or pulmonary hemorrhage (severe)

33
Q

Treponema is transmitted how?

A

Sexually

34
Q

What does treponema cause in humans

A

Syphilis

35
Q

What disease does treponema cause in cattle?

A

Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD)

AKA hairy heal wart / strawberry foot disease

36
Q

Economic loss from treponema is due to ?

A

Decreased milk production, lower reproduction efficiency , and premature culling

37
Q

How do we treat papillomatous digital dermatitis?

A

Spray feet with antibiotic

Formaldehyde foot bath

  • can lead to resistance or toxicity
38
Q

What causes rabbit syphilis or vent diseases?

A

Treponema paraluis-cuniculi

39
Q

What lesions are seen from treponema paraluis-cuniculi?

A

Perianal and facial lesions

Epidermal hyperplasia with erosion and ulcer

40
Q

How is treponema paraluis-cuniculi spread?

A

Direct or venereal contact

41
Q

What are the species of brachysprira?

A

B. Hyodysenteriae -swine
B. Pilosicoli -animal and human

Role in disease is controversial 
B. Intermedia
B. Mudochii
B. Innocens 
B. Canis
42
Q

What are the oxygen requirements of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?

A

Anaerobic

43
Q

T/F: brachysprira hyodysenteriae is an obligate pathogen and survives poorly in the environment

A

True

44
Q

What are the virulence factors of brachyspira hyodysenteriae?

A

Cytotoxin, hemolysin, and LPS

45
Q

How is brachysprira hyodysenteriae transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral
Mechanical vectors

Asymptomatic carrier pigs are the most important mode of transmission from farm to farm

46
Q

Pathogenesis of brachysprira hyodysenteriae

A

Attracted to hog mucin-> invades intestinal crypts -> erosion of superficial epithelium -> mucus production, edema, and hemorrhage -> pseudomembrane -> death due to dehydration and absorption of extotoxins

47
Q

What lesions are seen due to brachysprira hyodysenteriae ?

A

Fibronecrotic pseudomembranous colitis -> cecum and colon

48
Q

Clinical signs seen with brachysprira hyodysenteriae ?

A

Bloody diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss
Morbidity high
Mortality 40%

49
Q

How do you diagnose brachysprira hyodysenteriae ??

A

Direct stain- wright’s or victoria blue

Anaerobic culture
PCR
Histopathology and silver staining

Have do differentiate from salmonellosis

50
Q

How do you treat and control brachysprira ?

A

SPF herd
Hygiene
Rodent control

Antimicrobials
Recovered pigs develop immunity
Whole cell bacteria vaccine available

51
Q

What type of chromosome does Borrelia have?

A

Linear

52
Q

What are the oxygen requirements of borrelia?

A

Microaerophilic (growth in specialized media)

53
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi causes what disease?

A

Lyme disease

54
Q

What is the vector of lime disease?

A

Ixodes tick

55
Q

Who is the host of Lyme disease?

A

Human, dog, horse, cattle, sheep

56
Q

T/F: lime disease is geographically and seasonally limited

A

T

57
Q

Virulence factors of Borrelia

A

LPS - variation of outer surface lipoprotein (OSP)

OspC to OspA -> midgut of tick
OspA to OspC -> salivary gland of tick
OspC -> mammals

58
Q

How is borrelia burgdorferi transmitted?

A

Tick infected when animal has sufficiently high viremia

Up-regulation of outer surface protein

Midgut of tick -> salivary gland

Transmission requires 50hrs

59
Q

Pathogenesis of borrelia burgdorferi ?

A

Inoculation of skin -> multiply in skin -> bloodstream -> skin rash -> joints, brain, nerves, eyes, heart, liver, and kidney

(Incubation time 2-6months)

60
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine Lyme disease

A

Subclinical in 95% of dogs

Fever, acute arthritis, arthralgia, and lameness

Sometimes with anorexia, lethargy and depression

61
Q

How do we diagnose Lyme disease?

A

SNAP test
Western blot
ELISA - dog and horse
Paired titer

Culture -> slow

62
Q

How should you interpret a test where the dog has clinical signs and tests negative for Lyme disease ?

A

Evaluate for underlying disease and retest

63
Q

How should you interpret a positive test result for Lyme disease but the dog has no clinical symptoms?

A

Likely to have subclinical infection

Endemic area-> treatment preferred
Non endemic-> no treatment

64
Q

How do you treat Lyme disease?

A

Doxycycline
Vector control
Vaccine for dogs - reduced disease but does not prevent infection

RUSVM Bacteriology (7 decks)

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