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RUSVM Bacteriology > Anaerobic Bacteria > Flashcards

Anaerobic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Where do anaerobic bacteria live

A

GI tract of mammals

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2
Q

Are gram positive or gram negative anaerobes spore forming?

A

Gram positive -> clostridium spp

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3
Q

What are the anaerobic, gram negative, non-spore forming bacteria?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Dichelobacter nodosus
Porphyromonas spp
Prevotella spp

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4
Q

How should you submit your sample if you suspect anaerobic bacteria for culture?

A

In anaerobic conditions .. shame on your cow if you got this wrong

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5
Q

What signs are consistent with anaerobic infection?

A 
Foul smelling discharge 
Gas in tissue/discharge 
Necrotic tissue and abscess 
Pyogranulomatous lesions with sulfur granules 
Infections near/on mucous membranes 
Do not respond to aminoglycosides
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6
Q

What type of bacteria are clostridium sp?

A

Gram positive spore forming anaerobic rods

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7
Q

Where are clostridium sp found

A

Environment (soil)

Large bowel

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8
Q

_____________ toxin from clostridium perfringens is the most lethal toxin and considered a bioterrorism agent

A

Epsilon

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9
Q

What is the virulence and pathogenesis of clostridium?

A

All clostridium produce one or more protein toxin/ extracellular enzymes

Growth requires anaerobic conditions-> necrosis is common predisposing factor

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10
Q

What clostridium sp are neurotoxic

A

C. Botulinum
C. Tetani
C. Perfrignens

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11
Q

What clostridium sp are histotoxic

A

C. Chauvoei
C. Septicum
C. Novyi
C. Perfringens

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12
Q

What clostridium sp is enterotoxic

A

C. Perfringens

C. Difficile

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13
Q

What is the only clostridium sp that is neurotoxic, histotoxic, and enterotoxic?

A

C. Perfringens

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14
Q

___________ causes tetanus in humans and animals

A

Clostridium tetani

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15
Q

Where is C. Tetani found in the environment and where will it grow in the body

A

Soil and feces

Contaminated wounds

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16
Q

Clostridium tetani produces _______________ that will cause spastic paralysis

A

Tetanospasmin (potent neurotoxin)

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17
Q

Who are the hosts of C. Tetani

A

All animals

Horse > human > all other animals

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18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of tetanus?

A

Wound infection -> toxin produced in the wounds -> enters nerves by receptor mediated endocytosis -> retrograde transport along axons of peripheral motor nerves -> spinal cord -> prevents release of NT glycine and GABA

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19
Q

What is ascending tetanus? And who gets it?

A

Toxin travels from regional motor nerve of limb

occurs in susceptible animals (dog and cat)

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20
Q

What is descending tetanus? And who gets this most often?

A

Toxin in the blood steam affecting motor nerve centers in the head and neck first and then spread to the limbs

Humans and horses (more susceptible species)

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21
Q

Diagnosis of C. Tetani

A

History of wounds and clinical signs

Culture is often unrewarding -> Demonstration of toxin in serum or tissue is difficult

Serology

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22
Q

How do you treat C. Tetani infection

A

Antitoxin

Surgical debridement of wounds, hyperbaric oxygen

Supportive care

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23
Q

How is tetanus controlled?

A

Toxoid immunization (human, horse, small ruminant)
Post exposure prophylaxis
Prompt wound management
Aseptic surgical techniques

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24
Q

What determines species affinity of clostridium botulinum ?

A

Toxin type (A-G)

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25
Q

What causes botulism?

A

Food intoxication (food poisoning) due to consumption of food contaminated with botulinum neurotoxin

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26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of C. Botulinum?

A

Toxin absorbed from the GI tract and distributed in bloodstream

Occasional toxico-infectous forms

-> inhibits neurotransmitter release (ACh) -> flaccid paralysis

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27
Q

Symmetrical flaccid paralysis of muscles - hind limb paralysis and recumbence

A

Botulism

Skeletal muscle paralysis can lead to respiratory failure

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28
Q

Type E botulism is where?

A

Great Lakes- Erie and Huron

-> dead and dying fish eating birds, and dead fish

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29
Q

How do you diagnose botulism?

A

Demonstration of toxin in serum of animal

Toxin in food/stomach contents

MALDI TOF
ELISA

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30
Q

How do you treat botulism

A

Antitoxin (affects unbound toxin only)

Therapeutic drugs to enhance cholinergic neurotransmitter (ACh) release

Supportive care

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31
Q

How do you control botulism?

A

Toxoid immunization in high risk animals

Avoid feeding suspect foodstuff

32
Q

What are the histotoxic clostridia?

A

C. Chauvoei
C. Septicum
C. Novyi

C. Hemolyticum
C. Sordellii
C. Perfringens

Produced toxins -> invasive infections -> fatal gas gangrene

33
Q

Pathogenesis of Clostridum chauvoei

A

Endospore ingested -> lymphatic and blood -> Muscle -> trauma and tissue necrosis create anaerobic conditions -> germination and toxin production

Fermentation of muscle glycogen results in gas accumulation (hydrogen/methane) -> necrotizing myosis

34
Q

What disease is caused by clostridium chauvoei?

A

Black leg

35
Q

What lesions are seen in black leg?

A

Necrotizing myositis
Emphysematous swelling
Edematous and crepitant swelling of hip, shoulder, chest, back, and neck

Myocardium and diaphragm also can be affected

36
Q

Clostridium novyi Type A causes what disease?

A

Exogenous gas gangrene

Big head in rams

37
Q

Clostridium novyi Type B cause what disease?

A

Endogenous
Infectious necrotic hepatitis

Predisposed by fluke damage

38
Q

C. Hemolyticum causes what disease?

A

Endogenous infection causing liver damage and bacillary hemoglobinuria in sheep and cattle

39
Q

Malignant edema is also called?

A

Gas gangrene

40
Q

What causes gas gangrene?

A

Wound infection by histotoxic clostridium

Serous, deep (anaerobic), traumatic wound -> gas formation and toxemia

41
Q

How do you prevent malignant edema?

A

Surgical treatment of serious wounds to remove necrotic muscle, tissue, and contaminating materials

42
Q

What are risk factors for development of malignant edema?

A

IM injection
Shearing, docking, lambing
Traumatic parturition and castration in cattle

43
Q

C. Septicum causes what in sheep?

A

Braxy

Abomasum edema from endogenous spores

44
Q

How do you diagnose histotoxic clostridium ?

A

FA

Direct gram stain form muscle

Anaerobic culture usually not rewarding

45
Q

How do you treat and control necrotic myosistis?

A

Antimicrobials (penicillin_ -> only effective if given early in infection

Routine vaccination of farm animals with bacterin/toxicoids

46
Q

What are the enteropathogenic clostridia?

A

C perfringens
C. difficile

C spirforme
C colinum

47
Q

How is C perfringens classified

A

Based on four major toxins (alpha, beta, lots, epsilon) -> biotypes based on this

48
Q

T/F: all C. Perfringens have alpha toxin

A

T

49
Q

C. Perfringens type C causes ________________ in piglets

A

Necrotizing enteritis

50
Q

C. Perfringens type D causes __________________ in sheep and goat

A

Enterotoxemia

  • > overeating disease
  • > pulpy kidney disease
51
Q

What disease seen in sheep and goats presents as a fluid-distended intestine with petechial hemorrhage on the serosal surface.

A

C perfringens type D

Overeating disease

52
Q

Pulpy kidney disease is caused by ______________________ and is characterized by ________

A

C perfringens type D

Rapid post mortem autolysis of the kidney

53
Q

Pig enterotoxemia is caused by ___________ and infects pigs of what age?

A

Clostridium perfringens type C

Piglets in the first few days of life

54
Q

C perfringens causes _________ in multiple species of animals

A

Necrotizing hemorrhagic enteritis

55
Q

How do you diagnose an enteropathogenic clostridium?

A

Gram stain
Anaerobic culture
Toxin detect in stomach contents - serological test

56
Q

How do you treat and control C perfringen infection

A

Hyperimmune serum

Antimicrobial therapy not generally effective for GI disease

Immunization - toxoid/bacterins

Avoid sudden diet changes that alter flora or damage mucosa

57
Q

What disease is caused by clostridium difficile

A

Enterocolitis

58
Q

Where is clostridium difficile found and who does it infect?

A

Colon and cecum

Human 
Horse 
Pig
Cat
Dog
Rodent 
Other
59
Q

What is dysbiosis?

A

Aka dysbacteriosis

Microbial imbalance in the body

60
Q

How does disease result from C.dfficile?

A

Disruption of normal flora (disease or antimicrobial treatment) -> C.difficle proliferates (survives in spores)-> toxin production

61
Q

What are the toxins produced by C.difficile?

A

ToxA - enterotoxin
ToxB- cytotoxin, synergistic with toxA

Most produce both toxins- some only produce toxB

62
Q

Diagnosis of C.difficle?

A

Culture- obligate anaerobes
Selective treatment for spore germination

Direct toxin detection - tissue assay with Ab neutralizaiotn
Toxin antigen detection (ELISA, latex agent- toxA or ToxA/B)

63
Q

How do you treat C.difficile?

A

Supportive therapy -diarrhea

Stop antibiotic if possible
Clindamycin should not be used in horse

Probiotics

Avoid anti-diarrheal

Fecal transplant

64
Q

Clostridium spirofome is a commensal bacteria in what species? Disease arises from what?

A

Rabbits

Treatment with licosamides, macrolides, penicillins -> dysbiosis

Entertoxemia

65
Q

Rabbit with a history of fluid-distended intestine and explosive diarrhea. On necropsy you see hemorrhage of the serosal surface

A

C. Spiroforme

66
Q

What causes tyzzers disease. Who is affected by this disease ?

A

Clostridum piliforme

Laboratory animals

67
Q

What is tyzzers disease?

A

Acute, fatal, diarrheal disease associated with focal liver necrosis

68
Q

What are the gram negative nonspore forming anaerobes

A

Commensal of mucous membrane

Fusobacterium necrophorum 
Dichelobacter nodosus 
Bacteroides 
Porphyromonas spp 
Prevotella spp
69
Q

Non-spore forming bacteria are found in _____________ infections involving breaks of mucosal or epithelium

A

Mixed bacterial

Often chronic infection with extensive purulence or necrosis

70
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum causes what lesions?

A

Foot rot -extensive necrosis and keratinocytes
Liver abscess
Calf diphtheria- necrotic laryngitis

71
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum is synergistic with what bacteria ?

A

Trueperella pyogenes and dichelobacter noduosus

72
Q

Fusobacterium if found in what hosts

A

Ruminants

73
Q

How do you diagnose fusobacterium necrophorum

A

Anaerobic culture

PCR

74
Q

How do you treat foot rot?

A

Remove necrotic tissue
Dip in antiseptic foot bath

Antimicrobials
(Aminoglycosides and sulfonamides are not effective )

75
Q

How do you control foot rot?

A

Keep feet dry and avoid mechanical injury

Vaccine in sheep and cattle

76
Q

Foot rot in cattle is caused by _____________ but in sheep is caused by _________________

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Dichelobacter nodosus

RUSVM Bacteriology (7 decks)

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