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Sociology 112 > Chapter 8- Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is sex?

A

Biologically rooted; describes our physical bodies whereby we distinguish between male and female.

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2
Q

What is sex categorized based on?

A

Categorized based on binaries implying diametrical opposites “opposite sex”

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3
Q

What is gender?

A

Socially constructed characteristics assoc. with girls and boys, men and women, masculinity and femininity

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4
Q

What does gender, like sex, suggest?

A

Binary opposition

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5
Q

What are intersected individuals?

A

Born with ambiguous genitalia

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6
Q

What is transgender used as an umbrella term for?

A

Those who do not fit into normative constructions of sex and gender?

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7
Q

What are transsexual individuals?

A

Used to encompass those who undergo sex reassignment (realignment).

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8
Q

What are gender relations?

A

Organizing principles that shape and order interactions between, as well as the relative social importance of, women and men

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9
Q

___is socially constructed

A

Gender

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10
Q

What are the two culturally dominant forms of masculinity and femininity?

A

Hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity

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11
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity?

A

Ideal of masculinity that men are supposed to strive to achieve. Requires men to be successful, capable,and reliable.

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12
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity tied to?

A

Heterosexuality

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13
Q

What is emphasized femininity?

A

Based on women’s compliance with their subordination to men. Requires women to be supportive, enthusiastic, and sexually attractive.

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14
Q

How are women compliant with their subordination men?

A

Women shying away from physical labour

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15
Q

When do gender expectations begin?

A

At birth

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16
Q

___practices are deeply gendered.

A

Child-rearing

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17
Q

Parents spend more time talking to___while leaving___alone; push their___more often than___.

A
  • girls
  • boys
  • sons
  • daughters
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18
Q

What is an example of families reproducing gender?

A

Gendered divisions of household labour

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19
Q

How does education reproduce gender?

A

hidden curriculum

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20
Q

What is the hidden curriculum teach girls?

A

Girls learn that they are not as important as boys.

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21
Q

Teachers interact with___more than___in classroom.

A
  • boys

- girls

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22
Q

Teachers praise___for being congenial and neat while___praised for intellectual quality.

A
  • girls

- boys

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23
Q

What is the chilly climate refer to?

A

Women’s experiences on university campuses differ from those of men.

24
Q

How does the media play into reproducing gender?

A

Gender division reflected in and reinforced by all forms of media.

25
Q

What are some examples of television shows that reproduce gender?

A

Desperate Housewives, Grey’s Anatomy, Lipstick Jungle

26
Q

What are some examples of stereotypical reproductions of gender in television and media?

A
  • All women are beautiful, heterosexual, and with a few exceptions, leading women are white
  • Black men often tend to be portrayed as frightening, scary characters
  • Reality television glorifies competitive cutthroat behaviour
  • Commercials
  • Talk shows
  • Female politicians: focused on their looks and what they are wearing
27
Q

Described how we reproduce our gendered bodies?

A

How we present our bodies, efforts to shape them, and how w interpret others’ bodies are all accomplished socially.

28
Q

What are many television shows/networks directed at?

A

Helping individual achieve beauty ideals

29
Q

What has become of plastic surgery? What are the top surgeries? Between what age range of women does the highest proportion of plastic surgery occur?

A
  • Normalized
  • Top surgeries are liposuction, rhinoplasty, eye lifts
  • Highest proportion women between 35 and 50
30
Q

What has their been a dramatic increase in with gender and work?

A

Dramatic increase in the number of employed women

31
Q

Described the gendered labour force? Wha tar occupations segregated into?

A

Occupations segregated into men’s and women’s jobs

32
Q

Women hold___lower-paying jobs than men.

A

more

33
Q

___proportion of part-time workers (increase of___% between 1976 and 2000)

A
  • Greater

- 100

34
Q

Women represent___%of part-time workers?

A

70

35
Q

Women who work in which dominated industries are more likely to never marry or to remain childless than women in other occupations?

A

Male dominated industries

36
Q

In 2002 women working full-time earned an average of___while employed men working in the same schedule earned___.

A
  • $36 000

- $50 000

37
Q

By 2008, women working full-time earned on average___% of what men earned.

A

75

38
Q

Gap is greater for___educated women who earned___% of what men earned.

A
  • university

- 68

39
Q

What are gender, class, and race all function as mechanisms for producing?

A

Social inequality

40
Q

Which is one of the most disadvantaged groups of people?

A

Racialized women

41
Q

What must minority women confront?

A

Racism, ethnocentrism, classism, and sexism

42
Q

What is the intersectional approach key to understanding?

A

The complex experiences of how relations of gender, race, and social class work together to position some individuals as privileged and others as disadvantages.

43
Q

What does intersectionality acknowledge?

A

The complexity and messiness of reality

44
Q

How do functionalists approach gender?

A

Women demean preform separate, specialized, and complimentary roles to maintain cohesiveness. Well-defined roles reduce confusion and conflict regarding gender expectations.

45
Q

What are the two types of gender roles for functionalist theory?

A

Instrumental and expressive roles

46
Q

What does conflict theory focus on with gender?

A

Focus on examining gender differences in access to and control of scarce resources.

47
Q

What type of family form does conflict theory believe in?

A

Nuclear family form, monogamous marriage, and men’s control of women’s sexuality emerged from need to ensure paternity.

48
Q

How does symbolic interactionism approach gender?

A

-Interested in the meanings of male and female an of masculinity and femininity

49
Q

What sociological approach looks at “doing” gender?

A

Symbolic interactionism

50
Q

What does symbolic interactionism believe social institutions teach?

A

Gender-related behaviours

51
Q

What is symbolic interactionism based on?

A

Operant conditioning

52
Q

What does feminist theory believe about gender?

A

Gender is socially constructed

53
Q

What does feminist theory attempt to identify with gender?

A

Attempt to identify the ways in which institutionalized and internalized norms limit women’s behaviours and opportunities.

54
Q

Who does post-structuralist theory draw on the work of with gender?

A

Michele Foucault

55
Q

What does post-structuralist theory believe about gender?

A

Masculinity, femininity, and even sex itself are socially and discursively constructed.

56
Q

What does Judith Butler (post-structuralist theory) believe about gender (3 things)?

A
  • Gender cannot be thought of as having some essential basis
  • No authentic femininity and masculinity rooted in male and female bodies
  • Gender is a performance
57
Q

What does Judith Butler want to do away with and promote?

A
  • Do away with either a masculine or feminine idea

- Promote fluidity of gender

Sociology 112 (19 decks)

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