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Sociology 112 > Chapter 5- Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is culture?

A

Culture is a complex collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, and material objects shared by a group passed on from one generation to the next.

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2
Q

What are the 5 defining features of culture?

A
  1. Culture is learned (from birth, participating in social life)
  2. Culture is shared (experiences and meaning)
  3. Culture is transmitted (from generation to generation)
  4. Culture is cumulative (refined by generations, changed)
  5. Culture is human (animals are not cultural)
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3
Q

What is material culture?

A

The tangible artifacts and physical objects found in a given culture. What we have around us.
-Ex. poutine, maple syrup

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4
Q

What is non-material culture?

A

The intangible and abstract components of a society, including values and norms.

  • Ex. ideas, values, and religion, music, norms
  • Embedded and embraced by material culture
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5
Q

What are values?

A

Beliefs about ideal goals and behaviours

-Polite, tolerant/accepting, multicultural

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6
Q

What are norms?

A

Rules that outline appropriate behaviour

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7
Q

What are some examples of changing norms?

A
  • Funerals have evolved, more celebratory now

- Cremation used to be denounced and families would look after their dead bodies themselves

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8
Q

What are folkways?

A

Informal norms that suggest customary ways of behaving

-Good and responsible behaviours

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9
Q

What are mores?

A

Norms that carry a strong sense of social importance.

-More significant in moral judgement

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10
Q

What are laws?

A

Norms that are formally defined and enacted in legislation

-Control us

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11
Q

What is a sanction?

A

A penalty for norm violation

-Informal and formal

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12
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The tendency to view one’s own culture as superior to others

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13
Q

How is ethnocentrism restriction?

A

In the sense that it does not allow one to appreciate diversity

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14
Q

What is the issue with bicultural youth and multiculturalism?

A

Balancing being two cultures –> first generation immigrants.

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15
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Appreciating that all cultures have intrinsic worth and need to be evaluated and understood on their own terms.
-Avoid judging other cultures’ customs and traditions before trying to understand them.

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16
Q

Why do some argue against cultural relativism?

A

Some argue that it means giving up the ability to determine if an action is right or wrong, moral or immoral.

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17
Q

What do you need to be aware of to become a more informed and critical thinker?

A

Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

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18
Q

What is a symbol?

A

Something that stands for or represents something else.

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19
Q

What is language?

A

A shared symbol system of rules and meaning.

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20
Q

What do shared cultural symbols allow us to?

A

Interact as language is key identifier of cultural boundaries.

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21
Q

How many languages are in danger of extinction?

A

3500

22
Q

What is cultural amnesia/

A

When a language dies so do its related cultural myths, folk songs, legends, etc., resulting in cultural amnesia.

23
Q

What is Linguistic determinism acc. to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A
  • Language does in fact determine thought
  • Perceptions of the world are influenced by the limitations of our thought
  • Contemporary research shows little support.
24
Q

What does non-verbal communication include?

A

A whole spectrum of body language.

25
Q

What are the 10 parts of non-verbal communication?

A

1) body language
2) proximity
3) haptic
4) oculesics
5) chronemics
6) olfactics
7) vocalics
8) sound symbols
9) adomment
10) locomotion

26
Q

What are the 7 Canadian values to know?

A

1) belief in equality and fairness in a democratic society
2) belief in consultation and dialogue
3) importance of accommodation and tolerance
4) support for diversity
5) compassion and generosity
6) attachment to Canada’s natural beauty
7) commitment to freedom, peace, and non-violent change

27
Q

What do Canadians characteristically define themselves by?

A

What they are not: Americans.

28
Q

What is a subculture?

A

A group within a population whose values, norms, folkways, or mores set them apart from the mainstream culture.

29
Q

What are subcultures based on?

A

Race, ethnicity, and religion

30
Q

What are some examples of subculture?

A

Mennonite and Amish communities, Hutterites, being a U of S student, USSU

31
Q

What do subcultures represent?

A

A particular interest

32
Q

What is counterculture?

A

A type of subculture that strongly opposes the widely held cultural patterns of the larger population.

33
Q

What are some examples of countercultures?

A

Hells Angels, KKK, white supremacists, anti-Vietnam war protestors

34
Q

What do subculture and countercultures both contain?

A

Good and negative aspects.

35
Q

What happens to a culture as it adapts to new social and technological changes?

A

The culture changes in response.

36
Q

What are the three sources that inspire cultural change?

A

1) Discovery
2) Invention/innovation
3) Diffusion

37
Q

What is discovery?

A

Something previously unrecognized or understood is found to have social or cultural application

38
Q

What is invention/innovation?

A

Existing cultural items are manipulated or modified to produce something new and socially valuable.

39
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Cultural items or practices are transmitted from one group to another.

40
Q

What are some examples of the ways in which discovery, invention/innovation, and/or diffusion have changed your own culture?

A
  • Ethnic restaurants
  • Babies born in hospitals vs. houses (though we are moving back towards homes with midwives)
  • End of life care –> physician assisted suicide (change in how we perceive death)
41
Q

How does functionalism approach culture?

A
  • Culture plays a part in helping people to meet needs

- Cultural universals

42
Q

What is the functionalist term, cultural adaption, mean?

A

Environmental pressures are addressed through changed in practices, traditions, and behaviours as a way of maintaining stability and equilibrium.

43
Q

What do functionalists believe about changes in culture?

A

The changes in culture have to benefit the majority; allows society to sustain itself.

44
Q

How does conflict theory view culture?

A

View society based on tension and conflict over scarce resources.

  • Tension over resources and power
  • How society and culture respond to change
45
Q

Who perpetuates a culture’s ideology acc. to conflict theory?

A

Those who hold power

46
Q

What is the residential school system an example of acc. to conflict theory?

A

Those who hold power defining and perpetuating a culture’s ideology

47
Q

How do both functionalism and conflict theory look at with society?

A

How it rises from the top

48
Q

What does symbolic interactionism look at with culture?

A

How culture is created an recreated through social interaction.

49
Q

What do symbolic interactionists believe culture is modified according to?

A

The negotiation of reality

-How we create meanings out of the things that we do.

50
Q

What is minority status, and what is it created by, acc. to symbolic interactionism?

A

Minority status is a social category created by interacting individuals.

51
Q

What is culture acc. to symbolic interactionism?

A

Culture is the set of symbols to which we collectively assign meanings.

52
Q

What does symbolic interactionism look at with society?

A

How society rises from the bottom

Sociology 112 (19 decks)

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