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AP Pysch > Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Sensation And Perception Flashcards

1
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

Perception

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3
Q

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

A

Bottom-up processing

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4
Q

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

Top-down processing

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5
Q

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

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6
Q

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

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7
Q

Failing to notice changes in the environment

A

Change blindness

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8
Q

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

A

Psychophysics

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9
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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10
Q

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

A

Signal detection theory

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11
Q

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

Subliminal

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12
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

Priming

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13
Q

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

A

Difference threshold

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14
Q

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by A constant percentage

A

Weber’s Law

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15
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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16
Q

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses are brain can interpret

A

Transduction

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17
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or soundwave to the peak of the next

A

Wavelength

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18
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the color names blue and green

A

Hue

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19
Q

The amount of energy and a light or soundwave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude

A

Intensity

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20
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

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21
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

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22
Q

The transparent structure behind the people that changes the shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

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23
Q

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

Retina

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24
Q

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

Accommodation

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25
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, When cones don’t respond

A

Rods

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26
Q

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions

A

Cones

27
Q

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

28
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

Blind spot

29
Q

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster

A

Fovea

30
Q

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

A

Feature detectors

31
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

32
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to Green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

33
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

A

Opponent-process theory

34
Q

The sense or act of hearing

A

Audition

35
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

Frequency

36
Q

A tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

A

Pitch

37
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate divide rations of the year drum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

Middle ear

38
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

39
Q

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular Canal’s, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner ear

40
Q

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we here with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

Place theory

41
Q

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

A

Frequency theory

42
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the cochlea

A

Conduction hearing loss

43
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor are sales or to the auditory nerves

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

44
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

Cochlear implant

45
Q

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

46
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular sense

47
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is open by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibersand is close by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

A

Gate-control theory

48
Q

The principle that one sends me influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

A

Sensory interaction

49
Q

An organized hole.

A

Gestalt

50
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

Figure-ground

51
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

52
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

Depth perception

53
Q

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

Visual cliff

54
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity he, that depend on the use of two eyes

A

Binocular cues

55
Q

A binoculars queue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the red nose in the two eyes, the brain computes distance–the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object

A

Retinal disparity

56
Q

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

A

Monocular cues

57
Q

And illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

A

Phi phenomenon

58
Q

Perceiving objects as unchangingeven as illumination and retinal images change

A

Perceptual constancy

59
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

Color constancy

60
Q

InVision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

Perceptual adaptation

61
Q

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

A

Perceptual set

62
Q

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, Clairvoyance, and precognition

A

Extrasensory perception

ESP

63
Q

The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

A

Parapsychology

AP Pysch (16 decks)

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